1. Element Elements and Compounds Hydrocarbons Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Objectives: Hydrocarbons – Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes. Preparation and Properties of Methane, Ethene and Ethyne.

2. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil PetroleumHydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are substances that contain Hydrogen and Carbon only. Hydrocarbons are divided into a series of families or groups called Homologous Series. A homologous series is a group of compound which have a general formula and are chemically similar.

3. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil PetroleumHydrocarbons AlkanesAlkanes The Alkanes have a general formula of C n H 2n+2 They run from C 1 –C 60 approx. C 1 -C 4 are gases C 5 -C 17 are liquids C 17 -C 60 are Waxy Solids As we progress between successive members of the series we find that there is a difference of CH 2 in their formulae. As a direct result there is a regular increase in their Boiling Points since more energy is required to break up the longer chains. All Alkanes are flammable, have a pH of 7 and are insoluble in water.

4. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil PetroleumHydrocarbons The Alkane members

5. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil PetroleumHydrocarbons Methane Methane gas is the chief constituent in Marsh gas available from the mines of mineral coal and gas collected over petroleum in the sedimentary rocks in the crust of the earth.

6. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil PetroleumHydrocarbons Preparation of Methane Methane gas is obtained by heating sodium acetate and soda lime (3:1 proportion mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide).

7. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil PetroleumHydrocarbons Properties of Methane It bums with blue flame when burnt in air and gives carbon dioxide and water. At room temperature and standard pressure, methane is a colourless, odourless gas. It is insoluble in water and is lighter than air.

8. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil PetroleumHydrocarbons AlkenesAlkenes The Alkenes are homologues series with general formula C n H 2n. The first member of the alkene series is Ethene. An alkene is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. The simplest alkenes, ethene, propene and butene are gases. Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids, and higher alkenes are waxy solids. Alkenes are relatively stable compounds, but are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of a carbon- carbon pi-bond.

9. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil PetroleumHydrocarbons The Alkene members

10. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons Ethene (Ethylene) Ethene is a hydrocarbon with the formula C 2 H 4 or H 2 C=CH 2. Ethene is also an important natural plant hormone, used in agriculture to force the ripening of fruits.

11. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons Preparation of Ethene Ethane gas can be prepared in a laboratory by the cracking of hydrocarbons such as kerosene or candle wax. Ethane gas is collected in the gas jar by downward displacement of water.

12. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons Ethene removes the pink colour of dilute alkaline solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) and makes it colourless. This reaction indicates the property or unsaturation of ethene. Ethene gas is insoluble in water. It is colourless and odourless gas. It is lighter than water. Properties of Ethene

13. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons Reaction of ethene with hydrogen: Reaction of ethene with halogens: Properties of Ethene Polymerisation:

14. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons Alkynes Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have a triple bond between two carbon atoms, with the general chemical formula C n H 2n-2. These are generally hydrophobic but tend to be more reactive. Alkynes are characteristically more unsaturated than alkenes.

15. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons The Alkyne members

16. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons Ethyne (Acetylene) Ethyne is the chemical compound with the formula C 2 H 2. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne.

17. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons Preparation of Ethyne

18. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons Properties of Ethyne This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odour due to impurities.

19. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Petroleum Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons Properties of Ethyne