1. Caesarean section : The cow
Indication
physical immaturity of the mother
Failure of the uterine cervix fully to dilate
Irreducible uterine torsion
Preparturient recumbency
acute reticuloperitonitis or pericarditis
Shistosoma reflexus
gross oversize of the fetus
Pregnancy toxaemia
gross swelling of the vagina and vulva
Irreducible mal-presentation
hydroallantois , hydrammnios
mummified foetus
Others diseases and complication

2. Position of the cow and operative site
Left paralumbar or Upper left flank approaches
Upper right flank laparotomy
Ventral midline approach or paramedian approach
Ventrolateral oblique approach

6. Caesarean section Left flank Standing No omentum, intestine
Reduce shock
Good healing
Disadvantage
More assistants
Recumbency
Fetal Delivery

7. Caesarean section Right flank Oversize fatal Standing Small incision
One assitant
Disadvantage
Omentum & intestinal
Restraint & infection

8. Caesarean section Ventral midline or paramedian Emphysema fetal
Easy to find uterine horn
Abnormally uterine content
Disadvantage
Intestine
Lateral recumbency

9. Caesarean section Ventrolateral oblique approach lateral recumbency
Vessels
Disadvantage
Long incision
Hernia

11. Fetotomy

12. Fetotomy Embryotomy Dividing foetus into small pieces Dead feotus
Common in cattle
Techniques
Percutaneous
Subcutaneoues

13. Indications Fetal maldisposition Fetopelvic disproportion
Obstruction by hip-lock
Caesarean section
Fetotomny only in feotal dead
Caesarean section in foetal alive

14. Fetotomy equipment Tubular embryotome Fetotomy wire Handles for wire
Handle for embryotome
Screw to tighten handle
Introducer
Threader
Cleaning brush

16. Fetotomy Partial or complete Assistant Restraint Skills Technique
Anterior presentation
Head-> forelegs-> thorax-> pelvis->
Posterior presentation
Hind limbs -> body -> forelegs

19. Partial fetotomy Deviation of the neck Shoulder flexion
Bilateral hip flexion (Breech presentation)
Hock flexion
Fetal monsters

20. Hip flexion

21. Hock flexion

22. Dystocia in the mare Incidence less than cattle 4 % in Thoroughbred
Common in Shetland ponies
Causes of dystocia
- Anterior presentation
- Posterior presentation
- Transverse presentation

23. Specific causes of equine dyctocia
Uterine inertia
Bony tissue obstruction
Soft tissue obstruction
Uterine torsion
Downward deviation of the uterus
Fetal monster
Malpresentation
Malposition
Malposture

25. Dorsotransverse position

28. Dystocia in the sow Incidence 0.25-1.0 % Gilts or old sows
Welsh gilts -> small pelvis
Large white -> uterine inertia

29. Causes of dystocia Uterine inertia 37 %
Obstruction of the birth canal 13 %
Deviation of the uterus %
Maternal excitement 3 %
Fetal maldisposition %
Fetopelvic disproportion 4 %

30. Uterine inertia Primary uterine inertia 20 %
stillborn
Secondary uterine inertia 49 %
Idiopathic uterine inertia 31 %
Fat sows
Calcium
Treatments : oxytocin

31. Obstruction of the birth canal
Bony tissue abnormality
Soft tissue abnormality
Distension of the urinary bladder
Vulval abnormalities
Persistent hymen
Non-dilation of the cervix
Obstruction of the uterine lumen
Downward deviation of the uterus

34. Maternal excitement Gilts Delay or inhibit the farrowing process
Late movement
Innate nervousness
Treatments : azaperone IM 2 mg/kg
oxytocin 20 IU

35. Signs of dyctocia Discharge and placenta at the vulva
Signs of imminent but no farrowing
Straining but no piglets
Premature cessation of labour
Prolonged farrowing >½-4 hrs. (2.5 hrs.)
Placenta

40. Dystocia in the dog and cat
Incidence cat lower than dog
Exotic breed
Causes
Uterine inertia 36 %
Fetopelvic disproportion 22 %
Fetal maldisposition 11 %
Abnormalities of birth canal 9 %
Other causes 22 %

41. Failure of the expulsive forces
Primary uterine inertia
Scottish terrier
Single pup syndrome and single kitten
Hysteria  Cocker spaniels
Secondary uterine inertia
Abdominal muscle tone -> old or fat animals

42. Obstruction of the birth canal
Bony abnormalities
- pelvic fracture -> accidents
- Scottish terrier
- Brachycephalic toy breeds
Soft tissue abnormalities
Deviation of uterus  Boxer
Torsion of uterus

43. Fetal maldisposition Posterior presentation Deviation of the head
normal whelping 40 %
Bilateral hip flexion
Deviation of the head
Long neck  Collies
Long head  Sealyham and Scottish terrier

44. Fetopelvic disproportion
Small breed
Low litter size
Yorkshire terrier
Fetal monster
- hydrocephalus
- Anasarca
- Conjoined twins

45. Diagnosis Examination of genital system Inspection of vulva
Vaginal examination
Abdominal palpation
Abdominal auscultation/ Ultrasound
X-rays

50. Treatment of dystocia Ecbolic therapy Assisted delivery of the fetus
oxytocin 2-5 IU IM minutes
Calcium borogluconate 10% 5-15 ml slow IV
Assisted delivery of the fetus
Episiotomy
Manual delivery
Forceps delivery