1. FOA
Finish work on your AOW

2. Verbals
Verbals are words that look like verbs, but act like something else (nouns, adjectives, or adverbs).

3. Objectives:
I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive phrases in my writing.
I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases in my writing.
I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

4. Three Types of Verbals
Infinitives
Gerunds
Participles

5. To + a Verb Verbal #1:Infinitives
I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive phrases in my writing.

6. Preposition or Infinitive?
At the outdoor market, my grandmother likes to bargain.
Would you try to explain?
Give an explanation to Glen.
To believe took considerable faith.
Lindsey wrote letters to friends.
I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive phrases in my writing.

7. Infinitive or Preposition?
Our trip to China was filled with surprises.
After working so hard, he wanted to rest.
Baxter’s gift to me was too extravagant.
When do you plan to graduate?
On Vicky’s way to town, she had a flat tire.
I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive phrases in my writing.

8. Infinitives Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
They are the only thing in the English language that can.
An infinitive can NEVER be the verb of the sentence.
I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive phrases in my writing.

9. A Little Practice
The contract was written to provide the rights and laws you must know.
The LA Zoo is fun to visit in the morning.
The winner was excited to accept the new car.
Chris is coming to discuss the location for the picnic.
Editors are trained to find grammatical errors.
I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive phrases in my writing.

10. Infinitive Phrases Infinitives can be expanded into phrases by adding:
Adverbs: Jeff’s entire family likes to rise early.
Adverb phrases: To skate on the ice without falling was not too easy for him.
Direct objects: He hated to discuss emotions.
Indirect objects and direct objects: They promised to show us their slides.
Predicate nouns and adjectives: I would like her to determine her own goals.

11. Identifying Infinitive Phrases
To describe the hockey game in an understandable manner required gestures.
The birdwatcher’s ambition was to see one hundred different species.
My friends and I went to see the exhibit on Indian art and to gather material for our report.
Huck and Tom swore to keep the secret about Injun Joe.

12. Writing an Infinitive Poem...
Think of characters from books you've read or movies you've seen.
Choose one character.
Think of 5 things the character wanted and five things the character did not want.
Choose three or four infinitive phrases from each list. Use them in a poem. The first stanza might begin with the line: All I wanted was....Begin the second stanza with the line: But I didn't want....
I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive phrases in my writing.

13. Writing an Infinitive Poem...
All I wanted was
to blow down houses
to eat three pigs
to dream of bacon sandwiches
But I didn't want
to build a house
to go hungry
to be foiled by brick walls
to become wolf stew
5. Revise your original stanzas. Add adjectives to the phrases; change words; add additional phrases.

14. Revised Infinitive Poem
All I longed for was
to blow down flimsy, pork-hiding houses,
to lunch and munch on three plump pigs,
to doze the day away and digest a delectable meal,
to dream a delicious dream of succulent bacon
sandwiches.
But I didn't want
to labor, to sweat, to build a house of my own,
to suffer the pangs of horrible hunger,
to be foiled by a barrier of big brick walls,
to slip down a chimney,
to splash into a vat of water,
to become wolf stew.

15. Objective: I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases in my writing.

16. I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases in my writing.
Verbal #2: Gerunds
Gerunds are words that look like verbs but act like NOUNS and end in ING.
Examples:
Running is my favorite activity.
I like jogging more than I like walking.
I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases in my writing.

17. I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases in my writing.
NOTE:
An –ing word must be preceded by a helping verb in order to be a verb. Without a helping verb, it is a gerund.
EXAMPLE:
The freshmen have been taking the test.
I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases in my writing.

18. I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases in my writing.
Gerunds can be attached to prepositional phrases or other words to form phrases.
Reading a book is food for the brain.
Climbing a tree can be fun but dangerous.
Running through the mall might get you kicked out.
Singing in the shower is sometimes a very bad habit.
I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases in my writing.

19. Using Gerunds in Your Writing
Use gerunds to emphasize what has occurred rather than who is acting.
EXAMPLE:
I like softball. It is a lot of fun. I have fun with my friends on the team.
Playing softball is fun. My teammates have become some of my good friends.
I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases in my writing.

20. Using Gerunds in Your Writing
Combining Sentences by using a gerund.
EXAMPLES:
I used to hate English. Then I took Mrs. Brown. She gives clear explanations of grammar. Now I think English is interesting.
Hating English was part of my life until my first class with Mrs. Brown. Her clear explanations make English interesting.

21. Writing Activity: A Gerund Poem
Think of a book you have read, an event you have attended, or something else that has lots of people doing lots of things in the same place.
Examples: fairy tales, a baseball stadium, a family gathering, shopping at the mall, etc.
Choose one place. Make a list of all the actions there. Describe those actions with gerund phrases.
Example: A baseball stadium—throwing fastballs, running bases, sliding home, calling strikes, watching fireworks, buying tickets, etc.

22. Writing Activity: A Gerund Poem
Second, begin with a statement like:
A baseball stadium is ....
When you want to introduce a new set of actions, repeat the line.

23. Rubric 25 20 15 5 ideas Less than 5 None List At least 15 6-14
Brainstorming
5 ideas
Less than 5
None
List
At least 15
6-14
5 or less
3 stanzas
All 3 2 1
At least 5 phrases per stanza
All
3-4
Less than 3

24. Objective: I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

25. Verbal #3: Participles and Participial Phrases
Participles are verbals.
Participles look like verbs, but act like ADJECTIVES.
I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

26. Past Participles Present Participles Usually end in -ED End in -ING
Frightened
Entertained
Sometimes end in - T or -EN
Burst
Written
End in -ING
Frightening
Entertaining

27. Examples Present participle
Limping, the hiker favored his aching ankle.
Limping describes hiker
Aching describes ankle
Past participle
Confused, Nan returned to her interrupted work.
Confused describes Nan
Interrupted describes work
I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

28. More examples... Jessica’s shining eyes betrayed her excitement.
The shattered window needs replacement.
The beating heart fascinated Billy.
The lost boys screamed in the night.
The policeman found the stolen car.
I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

29. Being and Having
The present participles being and having may be followed by a past participle.
Being informed, I knew what to expect.
Having decided, Adele acted quickly.
I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

30. Verb or Participle? The dog is snarling at the plumber.
The singers delighted their audience.
The snarling dog attacked the plumber.
Delighted, the audience applauded.
I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

31. Verb, Participle or Gerund?
Do we have any wrapping paper left?
The detective was wrapping up the case.
Wrapping the gifts took longer than expected.
I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

32. Verb, Participle or Gerund?
Emily must have been dreaming about her boyfriend.
The dreaming girl stared absently out the window.
I often remember dreaming.
I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

33. Participial phrases Jumping high, Brad hit his head on the ceiling.
The chemist, blinded by smoky fumes, stumbled.
Scanning the book, Angelica spotted the answer.
I can identify and use participles and participial phrases in my writing.

34. If you use a participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence, it absolutely must modify the subject of the sentence.
Looking down the street, I saw the rabid dog.
Looking down the street, the rabid dog came toward us.