1. Hydrogen Fueling Station: St. Louis Kyle Terry Tibben Zerby Tory Carlsen Zack Tomechko 1

2. A Hydrogen City  The objective was to take a city and make convert it from a petroleum run city to a 100% hydrogen and natural gas fueled city.  Fueling stations that fit the needs for the population of the city was the main objective.  The Stations had certain specifications:  Both 700 BAR and 350 BAR pump  HCNG Fuel available at the station as well  Had to have a hydrogen supply and storage method  Safety, Environmental Impact and Economic Availability also had to be considered. 2

3. Station Location: St. Louis  St. Louis Population~360,000  Major U.S. City but not too large.  Located on the Mississippi River.  Great source of hydroelectric power to offset the cost to run the fueling stations 3

4. Station Location: St. Louis  Has an existing hydrogen producing plant and dispensing station.  Easy to access hydrogen needed to fuel the stations.  ~80% of commuters drive their own vehicles to work  Larger need for 350 BAR  Average commute time is 25.4 minutes 4

5. Commuting Population  11% age 65 or older  22.3% under 18  appx 19.8% under 16  Take these amounts out of population, and assume drivers over 65 will offset with those who do not commute  Commuting Population = 250,000 by our estimate 5

6. Hydrogen Vehicles  Personal vehicles  Average 60 miles/kg  Average range of 300 miles  ~5 kg each week per car based on the average commute time  Fill up once every week on average  HOVs  Fill up once per day, with an estimated amount to keep the pumps at max capacity 6

7. Fueling Stations Plan  Estimated number of stations in the city  22 stations  ~ 1station every 3 square miles  Price per station ~$18,523,742  Total cost ~ $408 Million  Each station will have  10 fuel pumps at 350 BAR  2 fuel pumps at 700 BAR  All the amenities most gas stations have  Restrooms  Snacks and drinks  ATM 7

8. Fueling Stations  Supply and delivery method  Pipeline from the production plant located near the Mississippi River  Trucks will also help offset the need in isolated booms and times of high demand. 8

9. Fueling Station  Hydrogen produced through electrolysis, so the water cycle will not be upset  Storage method  The pipeline will lead right to the pressurized storage tank underneath the gas station  Trucks will pump the hydrogen into the same tanks beneath the station. 9

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11. Energy Production  We calculated that we need 23,227 kwh per day per pump through the guide placed on angel  We have 264 pumps  Total energy equals 6,131,862 kwh per day  How will we harvest this energy? 11

12. Hydroelectric Dams  Upper St. Anthony’s Dam Near the headwaters of the Mississippi in Minnesota The model for our dam Photos: Upper- www.johnweeks.com Lower- earthsci.org 12

13. Hydropower Dam  Construct a dam just north of St. Louis.  The dam will be 50 feet high and at this point in the river, the river flows at 55,000 cubic ft/s and our dam’s efficiency is 80%  21,560 kw per hour, 517,440 kwh per day, and 188,860,000 kwh per year.  With our dam we will be able to support 23 pumps, 8.4% of them 13

14. Pros and Cons of Hydropower  Pros  Energy Efficient  Low maintenance  Low cost after built  Durable, long lasting  Clean energy  Dam can store rain water for droughts  Cons  Steep first cost  Hazard, could cause flooding  Changes environment  Blocks sediment deposits  Can break and cause catastrophic disaster  Johnstown PA 1889 14

15. Wind  We still have 5,614,000 kwh per day to harvest for 241 remaining pumps.  We will attempt to harvest the remaining through wind  Traditional turbines take up space  Fields near city not even close to enough area  farmers are often unwilling to sell land anyway  640 acres per square mile  40-50 acres per 2 Mw turbine according to Angel resources 15

16. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines  Take up less space than a traditional turbine  Can be placed on top of a home  Our plan: give a certain number of homes in the city a wind turbine, promising to pay for a portion  Each turbine creates 1454 kwh per day  We calculated a total of 586 wind turbines would be reasonable  Cost is roughly $10 million  Government rebates reduce cost to $5 million 16

17. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine  They will generate a total of 852,000 kwh per day  310,996,000 kwh per year  This equals 14% of our energy need, or 37 pumps  We now have 22.4% of our needed energy by renewable sources 17

18. Flow Diagram 18

19. Considerations  Safety  Fire Hazard  Very hard to detect with the naked eye because it burns in the ultraviolet range.  Explosion Hazard  The hydrogen is stored at high pressures.  Over pressurizing tanks can cause them to burst  Projectile hazards  Combustion hazard  Inhalation hazard  Leads to Asphyxiation 19

20. Considerations  Environmental Footprint  Hydrogen vehicles have zero harmful emissions  They emit only water vapor  The energy needed for electrolysis would be offset by the hydroelectric power from the dam on the Mississippi. 20

21. Considerations  Flooding  Dams cause flooding, and flooding is already very common in the Mississippi valley 21

22. Cost  Population 360,000,  Driving population 250,000  22 Stations  Roughly 1 station every 3 square miles  10 350bar pumps  2 700bar pumps  No production at stations  Price per station $18,523,742  Total Cost $408 million 22

23. Breakdown 23

24. Prototype 24

25. Prototype 25

26. St. Louis: A hydrogen city  With today’s technology there is no way to support the cost of the production and distribution of the hydrogen sustainably  It can be done, but using the prevalent outdated power sources of today  One positive is that It does eliminate all emissions from vehicles  Immediate implementation may not be possible, but perhaps over a large period of time a city could be fully converted 26

27. What We Learned  To make a system efficient and run properly every finite detail must be considered and analyzed.  A hydrogen city is possible, but not in a 100% renewable manner.  As engineers, we need to continue to work on improving technology and efficiency to reach our final goal: sustainability 27

28. Sources  www.stlrcga.org/x1832.xml  http://new.wvic.com/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=8&Itemid=45  Helixwind.com  www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fuelcell.shtml  US Census Bureau 28

29. Sources  http://rnahydropower.com/Calculation% 20Of%20Hydro%20Power.pdf  www.metric- conversions.org/area/square-miles-to- acres.htm  Air Products  We also were allowed the use of several resources on Penn State’s Angel 29