1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The Study of Carbon Compounds

2. Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

3. Carbon! Most chemicals that make up living things are Carbon-based. –Why? Easily forms molecules that are large, complex, and diverse. Up to 30% of a cell is made up of Carbon-based compounds.

4. Why is Carbon important to life? Carbon is light weight and small Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons. –Can bond with other elements and itself to form unlimited (in length) chains that can even fold to form rings

5. Macromolecules The Molecules of Life!

6. Macromolecules are… Large polymers (poly=many) Built by monomers (mono = one) 4 main classes (examples of carbon based biomolecules) –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic Acids

7. Carbohydrates Fuel and Building Material for Life!

8. Carbohydrates are… Most abundant carbon compounds found in living things Sugars (example) = quick energy Monosaccharides- simple sugars »Glucose Disaccharides- sugars built of 2 monosaccharides »Sucrose+Fructose Monomer = 1 C: 2 H: 1 O Monosaccharides (simple sugars) C 6 H 12 O 6

9. Carbos cont… Starch (example) = Polysaccharides: act as nutrient storage-and form structural components of living things Glycogen- stores glucose in muscle tissue for quick energy Cellulose- provides rigid structure »Cell wall of plant cells

10. CELL WALL

11. LIPIDS Fats: gylcerol and fatty acids –Saturated Solidifies- bad Ex: animal fat and butter –Unsaturated No solidification- good Ex: vegetable oils –Fats are used for energy storage Long-term food reserves stored in adipose (fat)cells Monomer: - Glycerol and fatty acids

12. Lipids cont… Fat (adipose) provides insulation for warmth –Whales, seals Fat provides cushioning for organs I’m Fat!

13. Fat Cells (adipose)

14. Lipids cont… Phospholipids –Make up cell membranes The bilayer forms a boundary between the cell and the external environment.

15. Phospholipid Bilayer

16. Proteins The Ultimate Polymer!

17. Proteins… Monomer: –Amino acids 20 different amino acids Amino group: - NH2 Carboxyl group: -COOH

18. Amino Acid Codon Chart

19. Protein Structure 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bond –Hence the other name for a protein: polypeptide chain

20. Structure=Function Protein’s specific structure (shape) determines it’s duties (job)

21. Four levels of organizations

22. Types of Proteins *Structural Defensive –Support -Antibodies Storage *Enzymes –Embryo food -catalysts *Transport Hormones –In and out of cell -messages Receptors *Contractile –Drugs -muscles

23. Examples of proteins Protein channels in cell membrane Keratin: in fingernails and hair Muscle fibers Lactase

24. Nucleic Acids Informational Polymers

25. Nucleic Acids 2 types –DNA-double-stranded Genetic material –Inherited from parents –RNA-single-stranded Controls protein synthesis Nucleic acids work together to –Build proteins Monomer: Nucleotides pentose sugar phospate nitrogen base