1. BLOOD

2. B LOOD T YPES AND B LOOD T RANSFUSIONS Class Starter: 1) What are the different blood types that exist? 2) What determines what type of blood you have? 3) Why can you die if you were to receive an incompatible blood type?

3. W HAT DETERMINES THE DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS ? Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs A, B, Rh (Rhesus factor) = antigens (specific proteins) attached to RBCs The different blood types are not spread out equally in the population

5. B LOOD T YPES The presence or absence of a third antigen (Rh) determines if the blood type is positive or negative Rh present = positive (+) Rh not present = negative (-) This gives us 8 blood types : A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+

6. Blood GroupAntigen A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

7. Blood Group Antigen A+A, Rh A-A B+B, Rh B-B AB+A,B, Rh AB-A, B O+Rh O-none

8. B LOOD T RANSFUSIONS People who have blood diseases and others who require extensive surgery must receive blood transfusions A blood transfusion is the injection of blood into a person This requires: a donor, the person who gives the blood a recipient, the person who receives the blood

9. F ACT : In the 19 th century, many blood transfusions resulted in the recipients dying. Why? We know understand that there are specific antibodies which circulate in a person’s blood If a recipient’s antibodies match the donor’s antigens, the antibodies in the recipient’s blood will attack the donor’s antigens resulting in blood coagulation and possible death

11. A NTIBODIES The antigens on your RBCs will determine the antibodies that circulate in your blood The antibodies in your blood are the opposite of the antigens on your RBCs Blood Group Antigens (surface) Antibodies (in plasma) A+A, Rh A-A B+B, Rh B-B, AB+A, B, Rh AB -A, B O+Rh O -None

12. Blood Group Antigens (surface) Antibodies (in plasma) A+A, RhB A-AB, Rh B+B, RhA B-B,A, Rh AB+A, B, RhNone AB -A, BRh O+RhA, B O -NoneA, B, Rh

13. D RAW A PICTURE TO REPRESENT THE ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES PRESENT IN EACH BLOOD GROUP Blood Group Antigens A+ A- B+ B- Blood Group Antigens AB+ AB - O+ O -

14. B LOOD C OMPATIBILITY RULES Main rule: The donor’s blood cannot contain any antigens that match the antibodies on the recipients red blood cells Tricks Similar blood types can always give blood to each other + blood types CANNOT give blood to – blood types – blood types CAN give blood to + blood types Universal donors : can give blood to anyone = type O- (because it has no antigens) Universal recipients : can receive blood from anyone = type AB+ (because it has no antibodies)

15. Blood Type Can donate to:Can receive from: A- A+ B- B+ AB- AB+ O- O+

16. A O AB B

17. H OW TO DETERMINE WHAT BLOOD TYPE A PERSON IS ?  A person’s blood group is determined by mixing a drop of his or her blood with 3 different commercial serums ( solutions with dissolved antibodies )  Anti-A serum  Anti-B serum  Anti-Rh serum  If agglutination (or coagulation) takes place, small dots appear. This means that the RBCs have antigens matching that specific serum.  By determining which antigens are on the surface of the RBCs we can deduce what the blood type is.

18. Example: Blood sample X + anti-A serum = agglutination Blood sample X + anti-B serum = no agglutination Blood sample X + anti – Rh serum = no agglutination Sample X is blood type: A-

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