1. Laboratory 13 : Neurophysiology Dr. Craelius Autonomic (Involuntary) and Somatic (Voluntary) Nervous Systems) Methodologies for measuring and controlling both. Relevant to Neuroprostheses. I.e. how can we “decode” what the brain is telling our organs and muscles, so that when the information channels are blocked, we can replace them?

2. The output is a pulse train: Its frequency contains the information. In general the higher the frequency, the greater the information content. Neurons in the MI cortex are specialized for such operations As kinematics or dynamics.

3. Neurophysiology Basics Muscles and neurons are excitable, and carry information through their pulse rate. I = log 2 (f m *t +1) Action Potential - a reversal in relative polarity or change in electrical potential of a cell Neurotransmitters- chemical messengers Central neurons are specialized for function.

4. ANS Background Spectral analysis of HRV reveals 2 limbs of the ANS. ULF (diurnal) HRV is predictive of cardiac performance. HRV signatures using Cepstral Analysis (US patent 6,390,986). HRV manipulation can improve asthma (Vaschillo, Lehrer et al, 2004). Portable digital recorders of ECG facilitate analysis.

5. HRV Analysis Pyramid Inverse Problem

6. Autonomic Nervous System & Heart Rate Variability Exerts effects on every organ, but the heart is the most “visible” organ we can examine. Para slows it, Sympa speeds it. Pacemaker Para Sympa Beatmaker

9. What modulates HR? SNS has a periodicity of ~ 20 seconds, and possibly others. ANS has a periodicity = breathing rate, and possibly others. Thoracic motions alone can modulate, and vagal nerve drive of respiration can contribute. Thermoregulation, daily activities can modulate long periodicities.

10. Low and High Frequency variations in blood pressure Respiration controls HF

11. What limb of the ANS controls the LF?

12. High RSA during sleep @ 11:30 PM RR RESP RR RESP Tachogram

13. Low RSA, High LF During sleep 12:50 AM

14. 11:30 PM1:00 AM RSA disappeared during sleep 13 b13 b 13 breaths/min

15. Can HRV identify disease or specific individuals? Age-related normal ranges of overall HRV = SDNN, are known and are predictive of survival after MI. A brief record of HR can be a signature of an individual using HR vector cepstral methods *. *Curcie, D, Craelius W: Recognition of Individual Heart Rate Patterns with Cepstral Vectors, Biological Cybernetics, 77/2:103-109, 1997

16. Analyzing HRV Collect sufficiently long, ‘clean’, epoch, I.e. need at least a few cycles of the rhythm- so for LF, get > 3 X 20 seconds. First examine tachogram, edit artifacts. Do time domain stats, ie, S.D. Do spectral analysis if you have sufficient data, ie. Need several cycles to detect.

17. Cardiovascular Resonance Vaschillo & Lehrer et. Al. Get ANS into resonance by biofeedback. Deep breathing at resonant rate is key. Resonance can influence performance.

18. Time Domain Indices Task Force: Circulation 93:1043-1065, 1996.

19. Geometric Indices Task Force: Circulation 93:1043-1065, 1996

20. TINN analysis RR Interval histogram

21. Frequency Bands Power (ms 2 ) Frequency (Hz)

22. Ratios LF/HF : estimates sympathetic to parasympathetic activities LF-tilt/HF-supine: a more specific estimate

23. Normal Range

24. HRV Oscillations Frequency Component Range (Hz) Likely Origin HF0.15 - 0.40Parasympathetic outflow LF0.05 - 0.15Mostly Sympathetic in standing position VLF0.003 - 0.05 Possibly thermoregulatory or plasma rennin activity ULF<0.003Wide range of determinants like posture, behavioral variables

25. (Pulse record in our lab)

26. Processing Pulse Record Unfiltered Pulses High Pass Filtered @ 0.2 Hz Baseline correction: If you filter too much, you differentiate.

28. Motor Homunculus: Map of functions

29. Motion Control Volition + Load -(sensation) = error

30. Motor Regions for UL Index Finger Forearm Biceps Areas for placing electrodes

31. Bionic Approaches to Restoring Mobility Mobility can be restored by several neuroprosthetic approaches *. 1.* Craelius,W.: "The Bionic Man: Restoring Mobility", Science, Vol 295, 1018-1021, 2002.

32. Training primates to move arm by decoding neuron signals

34. Brain-Machine/Computer Interfaces Monkeys in Brooklyn moving arms in North Carolina, fast learning (Wessberg et al.) Completely paralyzed persons moving cursors and robotic arms (Kennedy, PR, et el.) Paraplegic with implanted SC chip using switches on walker (Rabischong)

35. Record Inside the brain ? Need > 1000 Implanted electrodes Hence need wireless control from external controller Electrode biocompatibility and migration But decoding volition from motoneurons is surprisingly easy: simple cumulative summation of firing rates (linear)

36. Volitional Degradation/Restoration G = H · V( G and V are column vectors) G is the measured response H is the degradation through the system V is the volition To Retrieve volition:

37. Linear filter is simplest And best decoder

38. How to measure performance of decoding? How accurate is positioning of arm? Euclidean distance: Speed versus accuracy

39. Speed/Accuracy Tradeoff Time As your need for attentionAccuracy Attention Accuracy How to quantify?

40. Measuring performance with Speed/Accuracy tradeoff : Specific targeting task 90° Fitts SAT

41. SAT test MT = a + b log2(2A/W) where MT = average movement time = Time/# of hits A = amplitude (distance) of movement between targets W = width of the target a = intercept b = slope log2(2A/W) == difficulty level

42. SAT graph Difficulty index

43. Protocol 1.Pulse recording 5 min --- file 2.SAT test 5 min ---- file 3.Deep Breathing w/pulse recording 5 min-- - file. 4.SAT test 5 min ---- file 5.Pulse recording 5 min --- file 6.SAT test 5 min ---- file

44. Analysis 1.Prepare pulse files, with HP filtering if necessary. 2.Use RR interval program to get intervals- optimize for minimal artifacts. 3.Put RR & SAT data in Excel- analyze & graph. 4.If time, further analyze RR data with Log- a-Rhythm.

45. Bionic Interface Types BMIFor “partial” paralysisRobotic arms BCIFor complete paralysisScreen Cursor PMIFor amputees or with weak muscles Robotic Limbs HBMISC injuriesFreeHand CBIParkinson’sActiva Tremor Control