1. The Levels of Communication
Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,
by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner

2. To Communicate . . .
The Latin verb communicare means “to make common to many, share, impart, divide.”

3. Simply stated . . .
When you communicate you share, or make common, your knowledge and ideas with someone else.
Communication, then, is the sharing of meaning by sending and receiving symbolic cues.

4. Charles Ogen & I. A. Richard’s Triangle of Meaning
The interpreter
The person who is communicating, with words or symbols
The symbol
Anything to which people attach or assign a meaning
The referent
The object or idea for which the symbol stands

5. The Triangle of Meaning
Interpreter
(Speaker or Listener)
………
Referent
Symbol

6. Five Levels of Public Speaking:

7. Five Levels of Public Speaking:
1) intrapersonal

8. Intrapersonal Communication
The type of communication a person has with himself, thus the prefix “intra-” which means within.
As soon as a human being awakens, he begins an internal thought process and dialogue, almost always silent, but sometimes aloud.

9. Five Levels of Public Speaking:
2) interpersonal

10. Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication takes place between two people.
This type of communication varies depending on the relationship between the two individuals.

11. Five Levels of Public Speaking:
3) group

12. Group Communication
Group communication occurs when three or more individuals, who have a common goal, interact either formally or informally.

13. Five Levels of Public Speaking:

14. Public Communication
Public communication takes place when one or more individuals communicate with a large group in a more “one-directional” approach.

15. Five Levels of Public Speaking:
5) mass communication

16. Mass Communication
Mass communication occurs when extremely large groups receive information, like a television audience watching a news broadcast, as well as the intermittent commercial advertising.

17. Five Levels of Public Speaking:
1) intrapersonal
2) interpersonal
3) group
4) public
5) mass communication

18. Linear Model of Communication

19. Linear Model of Communication
The speaker—the sender, the encoder, or source of the message.
The Speaker

20. Linear Model of Communication
Encoding—the process of putting ideas into symbols to carry a message.
The Speaker
The Speech Text

21. Linear Model of Communication
Message—ideas communicated verbally and nonverbally.
The Speaker
The Message
A speaker sends a message to a listener.

22. Linear Model of Communication
Listener—the receiver or decoder of the message
The Speaker
The Message
A speaker sends a message to a listener.

23. Linear Model of Communication
Decoding—the process of attaching meanings to symbols received.
Decoding
The Speaker
The Message
A speaker sends a message to a listener.

24. Linear Model of Communication
The speaker—the sender, the encoder, or source of the message.
Encoding—the process of putting ideas into symbols to carry a message.
Message—ideas communicated verbally and nonverbally.
Listener—the receiver or decoder of the message
Decoding—the process of attaching meanings to symbols received.

25. Linear Model of Communication
The Speaker
The Message
A speaker sends a message to a listener.
The Listener

26. Problems with Linear Model of Communication
#1—The assumption that a person is either the sender or a receiver of messages.
Actually, we perform both of these roles simultaneously.

27. Problems with Linear Model of Communication
#2—The suggestion that communication involves only one message.
Actually, there are as many messages as there are communicators involved, and the message the sender intends is never identical to the one received.

28. Interactive Model of Communication
When scholars began to see the limitations of the linear model of communication, they added other components to the speaker, message, and listener making a total of 7 components:
channel, feedback, environment, and noise

29. Interactive Model of Communication
Channel—the medium, or the way the message is sent.

30. Interactive Model of Communication
Feedback—includes all messages, verbal and nonverbal, sent by listeners to speakers.

31. Interactive Model of Communication
Environment—the physical setting and the occasion for communication.

32. Interactive Model of Communication
Noise—anything that distracts from effective communication; some form of noise is always present.

33. Interactive Model of Communication
Channel—the medium, or the way the message is sent.
Feedback—includes all messages, verbal and nonverbal, sent by listeners to speakers.
Environment—the physical setting and the occasion for communication.
Noise—anything that distracts from effective communication; some form of noise is always present.

34. Noise
Physical noise—distractions originating in the communication environment.

35. Noise
Physiological noise—distractions originating in the bodies of communicators—cold, headache, hunger, fatigue.

36. Noise
Psychological noise—distractions originating in the thoughts of communicators—anxiety, daydreaming, worry.

37. Noise
Physical noise—distractions originating in the communication environment.
Physiological noise—distractions originating in the bodies of communicators—cold, headache, hunger, fatigue.
Psychological noise—distractions originating in the thoughts of communicators—anxiety, daydreaming, worry.

38. CHANNEL Message SPEAKER LISTENER Noise Feedback CHANNEL Decoder
Encoder
Environment
Noise
Noise
Environment
Noise
Decoder
Encoder
Feedback
Interactive Model of Communication
CHANNEL

39. The Levels of Communication
Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,
by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner