1. ADVANCED LEC 03 ORNITHOLOGY University of Rio Grande Donald P. Althoff, Ph.D. Archaeopteryx Bird Origins Reference Chapters 1-2

2. LIVING EUKARYOTIC VISIBLE TO NAKED EYE MULTICELLULAR Plantae Animalia Fungi INVERTEBRATES CHORDATES (vertebrates & tunicates & cephalocordates)

3. EUKARYA Kingdom: ANIMALIA Phylum: CHORDATA Class Order Family Genus Species Domain : Subphylums Cephalochordata Urochodata Craniata (Vertebrata)

4. MAMMALIA AVES REPTILIA AMPHIBIA OSTEICHTHYES CHONDRICHTHYES AGNATHA Urochordata Cephalochordata no jaws vertebrae no vertebrae jaws lungs limbs amniotic egg PRIMITIVE       ADVANCED 7 classes of Vertebrates + the “outgroups”

5. Cladistic Systematics Make _________________ “clad” is Greek (klados) for branch, stem “gramma” Greek for picture Traces evolutionary history Base of tree: primitive traits/characteristics Top of tree: derived or _____________ traits/characteristics

6. Common ancestor PRIMITIVE CHARACTERISTICS DERIVED (______________) CHARACTERISTICS Common ancestor 1 2 A C B D

7. Characteristics “most” ____________ characteristics “most” __________ characteristics

8. MAMMALIA AVES REPTILIA AMPHIBIA OSTEICHTHYES CHONDRICHTHYES AGNATHA Urochordata Cephalochordata no jaws vertebrae no vertebrae jaws lungs limbs amniotic egg 7 classes of Vertebrates + the “outgroups”

9. vertebrae Lungs, 3-chambered heart _________________ Create a CLADOGRAM

10. VERTEBRATES: Two Groups NON-AMNIOTES Hagfishes & Lampreys Sharks, Rays & Ratfishes Bony fishes Salamanders, Frogs, & Caecilians _________________ Turtles Tuatara, Lizards, & Snakes Alligators & Crocodiles Birds Mammals

11. Diversity of VERTEBRATES Fig. 1-1 p4 PJH AVES ~9-10,000 species *__________ diversity among vertebrates

12. Archaeopteryx First “KNOWN” bird Know this name & how to spell it: Archaeopteryx Translates to “__________” 1 st fossil found in _________ (i.e., modern day Germany in Europe), in 1860. One of six early on discovered Tell-tale feathers in _______ ___________

13. Archaeopteryx Late Jurassic (155-150 MYA) Germany A R R R reptilian avian

14. Feathers had much more differentiated feathers than either Caudipteryx and Protoarchaeopteryx —two species which appeared “after” Archaeopteryx Wing feathers differentiated into ___________ and secondaries—nearly identical to extant birds ____________________ flight feathers—which enhances aerodynamics forces on the wing After finding the 7 th specimen, revealed a rectangular sternum which would add surface area for flight muscle attachment…further evidence it probably could fly. Probably took off by running and flapping wings. Modern day “__________” equivalent would be roadrunner…a ground dwelling, cursorial predator that takes to the air to escape a predator Archaeopteryx …. features

15. Fig. 16-25, p427 PJH Archaeopteryx Neornithes TERRESTRIALARBOREAL 1 2 3 4 5 6

16. .Grasping arms, swivel wrist joint, _________ directed pubis .____________ vane feathers on wings and tail, down-like feathers on body, long tail ._____________ wing and tail feathers, longer arms, reduced tail Evolution of Derived Characters (Fig. 16-25)

17. Early archosaur  RIGHT LATERAL VIEWS OF PELVIS 1 Ornithischia Saurischia PUBUS ORIENTED POSTERIORLY

18. Fig. 16-2, p391 PJH ARCHOSAURSLEPIDOSAURS Ornithischia BIRDS ArchosauromorphsLepidosauromorphs Saurischia Pubis oriented posteriorly

19.  Strut-like coracoid, fused pelvis, pygostyle, reduced foot claws  Increased skeletal fusion, deeper sternum, alula, shorter tail  Shorter back and tail, deeper sternum AND keel, more compact back and hip Evolution of Derived Characters (Fig. 16-25)

20. __________ coracoid 4

21. ____________ (dorsal view) 4 ___________  fused caudal vertebrae (lateral view)

22. Alula – feathers attached to “thumb” that help with aerodynamics of flight… especially with slowing down without stalling 5

23. Deeper sternum ___________ 6 Arctic puffin

24. Model of Microraptor (Dromaeosaurid) (American Museum of Natural History)

25. Archaeopteryx - Reptile-like ____________ structure (than modern-day birds) ______________ in the facial region ____________ ____________ …in sockets _________________

26. #1 – FEATHERS !!!! ___________________with opposite side to form the WISHBONE (__________ is the scientific term) _________ digits (3 forward, 1 back) ________ Etc. Archaeopteryx - Bird-like

27. Archaeopteryx Very much likely it could have flown… but, probably could __________ flight That lead to this possible scenario…

28. Evolution “of flight” scenario ____________ trees at first only Moving from _________________ (needed opposable toes for grasping)…__________ …then ________ and finally _______ 1 2 3 4

29. Bird-like reptiles and reptile-like birds co-existed Archeaopteryx “appeared” ~144 MYA Birds start to “share” dominance with mammals Toothless, present day forms of birds appear Estimated 732 species by fossils alone Condor-like bird 16-17 ft. wingspan Fishes appeared 400-500 MYA Amphibians appeared 360-408 MYA Mammals appeared 208-245 MYA

30. Archeaopteryx “appeared” ~144 MYA Mass extinction of Dinosaurs & Reptiles AGE OF BIRDS* *Increase of new species exceeded extinction rate

31. Later Evolution …based on limited fossil records Beginning of ______________ (~65 MYA) a) ____________ birds b) emergence of ___________ present today

32. Later Evolution …PLEISTOCENE (~150 MYA) Estimated 732 species by fossils alone Condor-like bird (Teratornis incredibilis) largest ever (?) to fly..16-17 ft wingspan

33. Periods of Extinction MASS extinction: dinosaurs & reptiles ~60- 144 MYA Significant extinction: when giant mammals emerged, ________________—probably flightless birds—became extinct, too

34. Age of Birds With speculation, the ‘Age of Birds’ must have been _______________________ (see prior charts)...a span of ________________ Increase of new species _____________ extinction rate TODAY: rate of extinction exceeds the rate of new species…thus, the decline continues

35. Classification & Diversity of Birds CLASS Aves ORDERS 29 187 FAMILIES > 2,050 GENERA > ______ SPECIES

36. Order with the most: Families  83 (next most is Charadriiformes… shorebirds…with 19) Genera  1,161 (next most is Apodiformes… swifts and hummingbirds… with 128) Species  5,712 (next most is Apodiformes… with 422) Passeriformes (songbirds, perching birds, passerines)

37. Classification & Diversity of Birds CLASS Aves SUPERORDERS _____________ “_____ jaw” 2 orders, 11 families, 63 species ___________ “_____ jaw” includes flightless birds

38. Paleognathae = old jaw Tinamiformes (47 species) Ratities (no keel on their sternum) (16 species) A) Casuariiformes (emus & cassowaries) B) Rheiformes (rheas) C) Struthioniformes (ostriches)

39. GILL: Fig. 2-15 Model of evolution of MODERN birds Modern ornithurines