1. Stresses Found In Structural Members

2. Forces Acting Simply Supported Beam 1.Bending

3. Bending Support Wall Below Load Load Applied A A Beam will want to Bend

4. Bending Support Wall Below Load A A We would prefer if it did this

5. Tension Induced Support Wall Below Load A A

6. Tension Induced Support Wall Below Load A A Tension If is does what we want

7. Counteract Tension Support Wall Below Load A A Tension Reinforcement to counteract

8. Counteract Tension Support Wall Below Load Reinforcement as low as possible Load Tension Effective Depth Reo for crack control

9. Forces Acting Simply Supported Beam Compression

10. Compression Induced to Top of Beam Support Wall Below Load A A Tension Compression Usually the Concrete can Withstand without Reo

11. Compression Acting at Supports Support Wall Below Load Reinforcement as low as possible Load Tension Effective Depth Reo for crack control

12. Compression Acting at Supports Support Wall Below Load Reinforcement as low as possible Load Tension Effective Depth Reo for crack control For high compression reo will prevent surcharge

13. Compression Acting at Supports Support Wall Below Load A A

14. Compression Acting at Supports Wall Below Load Section A-A

15. Compression Acting at Supports Wall Below Load

16. Compression Acting at Supports Wall Below Load Beam compressed against support by load

17. Compression Acting at Supports Wall Below Load Stirrups placed to prevent bursting

18. Compression Acting at Supports Support Wall Below Load Stirrups closely spaced to prevent bursting Load

19. Compression Acting at Supports Support Wall Below Load Stirrups spaced further apart as no compressive force Load

20. Compression Acting at Supports Support Wall Below Load Stirrups required to support top steel – FRAMING BARS Load

21. Forces Acting Simply Supported Beam Shear

22. Shear Acting On Simply Supported Beam Support Wall Below Load A A

23. What is Shear? Shear

24. 2 Types of Shear Forces Vertical Shear Horizontal Shear

25. Shear Forces Vertical Shear

26. Shear Forces Support Walls Below resist downward force Load

27. Shear Forces No Resistance where there is no support Load

28. Shear Forces Beam will shear at support Load

29. Shear Forces Reinforcement at supports to resist shear Stirrups omitted for clarity Load A A B B

30. Shear Forces Support Walls Below resist downward force Load

31. Shear Forces Horizontal Shear & Diagonal Shear

32. Horizontal Shear Support Wall Below Load Reinforcement to Prevent Horizontal Shear if requiered Load

33. When 2 Types of Shear Forces Meet Diagonal Tension Cracking

34. Diagonal Shear Support Wall Below Load Stirrups Prevent Diagonal Shear Load

35. Multi Span Beam

36. Load on Continuous span Bean Support Walls Below Load

37. Load on Continuous span Bean Support Walls Below Load

38. Load on Continuous span Bean Load Tension

39. Forces that act on Beams Compression Shear Bending Compression Shear Bending Shear Compression Load

40. Contra flexure Point of Maximum Bending

41. Contra flexure Bending Reduces

42. Contra flexure ZERO Bending

43. Fixed End Beam

44. Load on Continuous span Bean Support Walls Below Load Fixed Connection

45. Load on Continuous span Bean Support Walls Below Load Fixed Connection Tension

46. Compression Acting at Supports Support Walls Below Load

47. Compression Acting at Supports Support Walls Below Load

48. Fixed End Beams Support Walls Below Load Point of Contra flexure Load

49. Forces that act on Beams Fixed or Restrained End Compression Shear Bending Compression Shear Bending Shear Compression Load

50. Cantilevers

51. Compression Acting at Supports Support Walls Below Load

52. Compression Acting at Supports Support Walls Below Load Point of Contra flexure

53. Forces That Affect Columns

54. LOAD

55. Forces That Affect Columns LOAD Bursting Force ` ` `

56. Compression Acting at Supports Column compressed by load

57. Compression Acting at Supports Stirrups to Counteract

58. S4[1].03Purnell Bros Stirrups to prevent Bursting

59. Forces That Affect Columns Bending

60. S4[1].03Purnell Bros It is difficult to predict which way columns will bend

61. S4[1].03Purnell Bros Columns must also be able to withstand mechanical impact Resist bending

62. S2 Naremburn Church

63. Forces That Affect Walls No Top Restraint Shea r

64. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls

65. Footing Retained Load

66. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Footing Retained Load

67. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Reinforcement in this location is virtually useless

68. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Reinforcement as close as possible to load

69. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Reinforcement as close as possible to load Reinforcement should be embedded to maximum depth

70. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Reinforcement as close as possible to load Reinforcement should be embedded to maximum depth

71. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Shear

72. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Shear Shear force overcome by Reinforcement at Base

73. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Wall will act as a Cantilevered Beam Tension

74. S1 – 21 St Lukes Grammer

75. St Lukes Grammer S1 -23

76. S012 Cardiff Markets

77. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Footing Retained Load

78. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Footing Retained Load

79. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Reinforcement is virtually useless Tension

80. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Reinforcement as close as possible to load Tension

81. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Reinforcement as close as possible to load Reinforcement should be embedded to maximum depth Tension

82. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Reinforcement as close as possible to load Reinforcement should be embedded to maximum depth Tension

83. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Shear

84. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Shear Shear force overcome by Reinforcement at Base

85. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Wall will act as a Cantilevered Beam Tension

87. S1-21

88. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls With Top Restraint Footing Retained Load First Floor Slab

89. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Footing Retained Load First Floor Slab Shear

90. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Footing Retained Load First Floor Slab Shear

91. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Shear

92. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load

93. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Tension

94. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Wall will act as beam restrained at ends Tension

95. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Reinforcement at Centre as far from load as practical – Maximum Bending Tension

96. Forces That Affect Retaining Walls Retained Load Wall will have a point of Contra flexure Tension

97. Section 11 @ S1-02

98. Walls not Retaining Loads

99. Stability Forc e Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact

100. Stability Forc e Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact

101. Stability Forc e Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact

102. Stability Forc e Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact Direction of force may not be predictable Embedment is Critical

103. Stability Forc e Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact Direction of force may not be predictable Effective Width Embedment is Critical

104. Stability Typical Configuration Forc e Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact Direction of force may not be predictable Effective Width Shear Reinforcement Tension Reinforcement Embedment is Critical

105. Stability Typical Configuration Forc e Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact Direction of force may not be predictable Effective Width Shear Reinforcement Tension Reinforcement Embedment is Critical

106. Stability Forc e Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact Direction of force may not be predictable Effective Width Forc e Embedment is Critical

107. Stability Forc e Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact Direction of force may not be predictable Effective Width Forc e

108. Stability Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact Direction of force may not be predictable Effective Width Embedment is Critical

109. Stability Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact Direction of force may not be predictable Effective Width Embedment is Critical Shear Reinforcement Tension Reinforcement no need to embed In base or top

110. Stability Effective Width Force may be; Wind Earthquake Impact Direction of force may not be predictable Effective Width Embedment is Critical Shear Reinforcement Tension Reinforcement no need to embed In base or top