1. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals The Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology Flash Cards

2. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Directions The first slide asks a question. The second slide answers the question. Use these slides like flash cards to test your core knowledge.

3. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name the divisions of the nervous system.

4. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer CNS (central nervous system) PNS (peripheral nervous system) ANS (autonomic nervous system) Somatic (voluntary) Sympathetic Parasympathetic

5. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name the organs of the nervous system.

6. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Specialized sense organs Microscopic sense organs

7. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of?

8. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer The brain and spinal cord

9. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of?

10. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer The nerves that extend to outlying parts of the body.

11. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Describe the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

12. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that consists of structures that regulate the body’s automatic or involuntary functions (heart rate, stomach and intestinal contractions, and gland secretions)

13. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name the two types of cells found in the nervous system.

14. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer 1.Neurons 2.Glia

15. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Neurons are nerve cells and they consist of three parts. What are the three parts of a neuron?

16. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer 1.The main part is called the cell body. 2.One or more branching projections are called dendrites. 3.One elongated projection is called the axon.

17. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What are the functions of each part of the neuron?

18. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Dendrites conducts impulses to the cell body. Cell body is the main part. Axon conducts impulses away from the cell body.

19. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Axons are either myelinated or unmyelinated. What is myelin?

20. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Myelin is a white fatty substance formed by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS.

21. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question The indentations between Schwann cells in the PNS are called ______.

22. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Nodes of Ranvier

23. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell is called ______.

24. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Neurilemma

25. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Glia is one of the two types of cells in the nervous system. Glia have several functions including holding the functioning neurons together, protecting them, and regulating neuron function. Glia cells vary in shape and size. Can you name the three main types of support cells in the central nervous system and provide a short description of each?

26. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer 1.Astrocytes: Star shaped cells with threadlike branches, anchor blood vessels to neurons, and support the blood brain barrier. 2.Microglia: Usually remain stationary until inflammation or deterioration occurs, then they enlarge and begin the process of phagocytosis. 3.Oligodendrocytes: Produce the myelin sheath that wraps nerve fibers in the CNS.

27. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name the three nerve coverings and what each covers.

28. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer 1.Endoneurium: Surrounds the individual fibers within a nerve. 2.Perineurium: Surrounds a group (fascicle) of nerve fibers. 3.Epineurium: Surrounds the entire nerve.

29. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question True or False? Only neurons can provide the rapid communication between cells that is necessary for maintaining life.

30. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer True

31. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Another term for nerve impulse is ______.

32. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Action potential

33. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question A specialized type of neuron pathway is called a ______.

34. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Reflex arc

35. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question The simplest kind of reflex arc is ______.

36. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Two-neuron reflex arc (sensory neuron and motor neuron)

37. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What neurons are included in a three- neuron reflex arc?

38. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer 1.Sensory neurons 2.Interneurons 3.Motor neurons

39. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals The “knee jerk” or patella reflex is an example of a ______ neuron reflex. Question

40. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Two

41. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Receptors are at the beginning of the dendrites of ______ neurons.

42. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Sensory

43. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Describe the term ganglion.

44. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.

45. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is the definition of a nerve impulse?

46. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer A self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane.

47. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question The microscopic space that separates the axon ending of one neuron from the dendrites of the next neuron is called a ______.

48. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Synapse

49. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is saltatory conduction?

50. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer As the traveling nerve impulse comes in contact with myelin sections, it jumps over the myelin to the indentations called Nodes of Ranvier.

51. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question When the traveling impulse jumps from one neuron to the next it crosses over a ______.

52. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Synapse

53. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name a type of three-neuron reflex arc?

54. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Withdrawal reflex

55. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What are the three structures that make up a synapse?

56. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer 1.Synaptic Knob 2.Synaptic Cleft 3.Plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron

57. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question The synaptic knob contains small sacs or vesicles. Each sac or vesicles contains a chemical compound called ______.

58. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Neurotransmitters

59. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is a neurotransmitter?

60. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Chemicals used by neurons to communicate. Released by the presynaptic neurons to assist, stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic neurons. At least thirty different compounds have been identified as neurotransmitters.

61. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Detail the process of a neurotransmitter release through to its termination.

62. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer The vesicles of the synaptic knob of a preganglionic neuron’s axon release the neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter is received by the receptor site on the cell membrane of the postsynaptic neuron’s dendrites. What is not used or needed will diffuse back into the synaptic knob or will be absorbed by the body.

63. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is acetylcholine?

64. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer A neurotransmitter abbreviated as ACH and released at the neuromuscular junction as well as all autonomic ganglia.

65. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Describe catecholamines and name three types of this neurotransmitter.

66. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Catecholamines play a role in sleep, motor function, mood and pleasure recognition. Three catecholamines are: 1.Norepinephrine 2.Serotonin 3.Dopamine

67. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name two morphine-like neurotransmitters.

68. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer 1.Endorphins 2.Enkephalins

69. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What neurotransmitters ay be released in response to pain or injury?

70. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Endorphins and enkephalins

71. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question The central nervous system has two main structures; the brain and the spinal cord. In addition to the brain being protected by the cranial cavity and the spinal cord surrounded in the spinal cavity by the vertebral column for its protection, both are covered by protective membranes called ______.

72. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Meninges

73. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name the divisions of the brainstem from inferior to superior.

74. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain

75. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question From the brain stem, moving superiorly, name the next parts of the brain.

76. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Diencephalon Hypothalamus Thalamus

77. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Which part of the diencephalon controls the hormone secretion for the pituitary gland?

78. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Hypothalamus

79. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is the second largest part of the human brain?

80. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Cerebellum

81. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is the name of the largest part of the brain?

82. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Cerebrum

83. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Which part of the brain helps control muscle contractions by producing coordinated movements so we can move smoothly and maintain our balance with normal posture?

84. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Cerebellum

85. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name the four lobes of the cerebrum.

86. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer 1.Frontal 2.Temporal 3.Parietal 4.Occipital

87. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is the name of the structure that separates and allows the brain hemispheres to communicate?

88. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Corpus collosum

89. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Which lobe of the cerebrum controls movement?

90. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Frontal lobe

91. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name the shallow grooves in the cerebrum.

92. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Sulci—grooves

93. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Where is the motor speech area called Broca’s area located?

94. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Frontal lobe

95. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Which part of the brainstem contains the vital centers?

96. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Medulla oblongata

97. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name the part of the brain responsible for regulating sleep cycle, water balance, and that produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

98. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Hypothalamus

99. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question The spinal cord has inner and outer parts. Which part is composed of white matter made up of bundles of axons called tracts?

100. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer The outer part of the spinal cord.

101. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is CSF?

102. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Cerebrospinal fluid—a clear fluid that nourishes and protects the brain and spinal cord as well as fills the ventricles in the brain.

103. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Name the three layers of the tough, fluid- containing membranes known as meninges that protect the brain and spinal cord, from superficial to deep.

104. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer 1.Dura mater (tough mother) 2.Arachnoid (cobweb-like) 3.Pia mater (soft mother)

105. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question The structure associated with the ventricles and contributes to the formation of CSF is ______.

106. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Choroid plexus

107. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals How many pair of cranial nerves are in the human body? Question

108. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Twelve pair Answer

109. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Name the cranial nerves. Question

110. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal Answer

111. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the human body?

112. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Thirty-one pairs

113. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve are called ______. Question

114. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Dermatomes Answer

115. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What are the paths of the white matter tracts?

116. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Sensory tracts= Peripheral nerves to the brain Motor tracts= Brain to peripheral nerves

117. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Our spinal nerves conduct impulses necessary for us to experience sensations as well as voluntary movements, explaining their structure of the dendrites of sensory neurons and the ______ of ______. Question

118. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Axons of motor neurons Answer

119. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals What is known as the “fight or flight” system? Question

120. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Sympathetic or thoracolumbar system Answer

121. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals What are the three types of tissues the ANS controls? Question

122. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals 1.Cardiac 2.Smooth 3.Glandular (epithelial) Answer

123. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Name the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic axons. Question

124. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Norepinephrine Answer

125. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Which branch of the ANS dominates control of visceral effectors in normal everyday conditions?

126. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Parasympathetic system

127. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question Where will you find a sensory cell body?

128. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer In the dorsal horn or posterior root ganglion.

129. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What are cholinergic fibers?

130. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Sympathetic pre and post ganglionic axons and the parasympathetic postganglionic axon classify as cholinergic fibers because they release ACH from their terminals at the synapse.

131. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What fibers are considered adrenergic?

132. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer Only the axon of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in sympathetic response to visceral receptors.

133. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is another name for the limbic system?

134. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer The emotional brain

135. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Question What is the autonomic nervous system’s job as a whole?

136. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Answer To regulate the body’s automatic functions that will bring about or restore homeostasis.