1. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE

2. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
MUST CONTAIN THE ELEMENT CARBON
MOST CONTAIN THE ELEMENT HYDROGEN
MANY CONTAIN OXYGEN AND NITROGEN
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
IF A SUBSTANCE IS NOT ORGANIC, THEN…

3. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT, AWESOME, AMAZING INORGANIC COMPOUND THAT MATTERS THE MOSTEST?

4. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
WATER – THE IMPORTANT INORGANIC COMPOUND
THE MAJORITY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CAN OCCUR ONLY IN WATER!!
UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF WATER BECOMES ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE

5. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE
REGIONS WITH PARTIAL POSITIVE AND PARTIAL NEGATIVE CHARGES
BECAUSE OF THIS POLARITY, WATER HAS SOME UNIQUE PROPERTIES

6. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
WATER PROPERTIES INCLUDE
COHESION
SURFACE TENSION
ADHESION
CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY ACTION)

7. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CARBON OFFERS INCREDIBLE FLEXIBILITY IN THE FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS
THERE ARE 4 MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

8. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
FOUR MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

9. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
CARBOHYDRATES
COMPOUNDS OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN
ALWAYS HAVE THE SAME RATIO OF HYDROGEN TO OXYGEN (2:1)
MONOSACCHARIDES (SIMPLE SUGARS)
CHEMICAL NAMES OF SUGARS ALMOST ALWAYS END IN “-OSE”

10. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
THE PROCESS BY WHICH MOLECULES CAN BE BONDED TOGETHER
OCCURS THROUGH THE REMOVAL OF A WATER MOLECULE AND FUSING THE RESULTING SUBSTANCES TOGETHER

11. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
WHEN JOINING TWO MONOSACCHARIDES TOGETHER, THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A DISACCHARIDE

12. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
WHEN MULTIPLE SIMPLE SUGARS ARE JOINED TOGETHER THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A POLYSACCHARIDE

13. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
IF MOLECULES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER, THEY MUST ALSO BE ABLE TO BE BROKEN APART
THIS PROCESS IS CALLED HYDROLYSIS

14. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
LIPIDS

15. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
LIPIDS
CONSIST OF THE SUBSTANCES COMMONLY CALLED FATS, OILS, AND WAXES
CONSIST OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN…HOWEVER, NOT IN THE SAME RATIO AS CARBOHYDRATES
FORMED THROUGH THE FUSION OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACID MOLECULES

16. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
LIPIDS

17. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
LIPIDS
SATURATED VS UNSATURATED FATS

18. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
LIPIDS
CHOLESTEROL
A SPECIAL TYPE OF LIPID

19. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA VS RNA
SUBUNITS ARE CALLED NUCLEOTIDES
WILL DISCUSS THIS MORE IN FUTURE CHAPTERS

20. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
PROTEINS
COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN NITROGEN, ALONG WITH CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS ARE CALLED AMINO ACIDS (A.K.A. PEPTIDES)

21. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE

22. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
PEPTIDES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER BY…
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
RESULTS IN DIPEPTIDES
RESULTS IN PEPTIDE BONDS

23. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
SINCE THERE ARE 20 AMINO ACIDS, AND THEY CAN BE PUT TOGETHER IN ANY COMBINATION WHEN FORMING POLYPEPTIDES, THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE PROTEINS IS HUGE!!
THEREFORE, THEY SERVE ENDLESS FUNCTIONS!!

24. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS IS WHEN THEY ACT AS ENZYMES!!!!!!
ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS, BUT NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES.

25. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
ENZYMES
PROTEINS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR MOST OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN LIVING CELLS
ACT AT ORGANIC CATALYSTS
A CATALYST IS A SUBSTANCE THAT SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT BEING CHANGED ITSELF

26. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
ENZYMES
THE SUBSTANCE THAT THE ENZYME REACTS WITH IS CALLED THE SUBSTRATE
WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE?

27. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
HOW ENZYMES WORK?
ACTIVE SITE
SPOT ON ENZYME WHERE SUBSTRATE BINDS
TWO THEORIES ON ENZYME ACTION
LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL
INDUCED FIT MODEL

28. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL
SUBSTRATE’S SHAPE MATCHES EXACTLY WITH ACTIVE SITE OF ENZYME
THEREFORE, ONLY ONE SUBSTRATE CAN EVER REACT WITH AN ENZYME
THEY ARE HIGHLY SPECIFIC!!

29. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
INDUCED-FIT MODEL

30. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
ENZYMES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIVING THINGS BECAUSE THEY MAKE METABOLIC PROCESSES POSSIBLE
SO, WE SHOULD KNOW MORE ABOUT ENZYMES!!

31. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTION
CONCENTRATION OF EITHER SUBSTRATE OR ENZYME
TEMPERATURE PH
PRESENCE OF COENZYMES

32. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY

33. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
REMEMBER, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE!!

34. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF BUILDING BLOCKS

35. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
BUT ONLY PUTTING THE RIGHT ONES TOGETHER IN THE RIGHT WAY, WILL BUILD A LIVING THING!!
UP NEXT, LEARNING ABOUT WHAT THOSE BUILDING BLOCKS HELP MAKE!!