1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Features and Functionality of RFID Including application specific ISO specifications Presented by: Chris Lavin Sarah Clark Spencer Prows

2. What is RFID? RFID is a technology, whose origins are found in the WWII era, that incorporates electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the RF portion of the EM spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal or person. It is also gaining increasing use in industry as an alternative to the bar code. RFID is a technology, whose origins are found in the WWII era, that incorporates electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the RF portion of the EM spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal or person. It is also gaining increasing use in industry as an alternative to the bar code. Requires a transceiver, antenna, and transponder Requires a transceiver, antenna, and transponder Can operate in Passive or Active Modes Can operate in Passive or Active Modes Source: http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/gDefinition/0,294236,sid40_gci805987,00.html

3. What is RFID? RF signals transmitted by the transceiver activates the transponder, which transmits data back to the transceiver. RF signals transmitted by the transceiver activates the transponder, which transmits data back to the transceiver. Transponder is powered by EM waves emitted by the transceiver Transponder is powered by EM waves emitted by the transceiver Various frequencies are used depending on the application Various frequencies are used depending on the application Requires no line-of-sight (like bar-codes) Requires no line-of-sight (like bar-codes) Source: http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/gDefinition/0,294236,sid40_gci805987,00.html

4. RFID Applications Tracking Books in Libraries Tracking Books in Libraries Inventory Tracking Inventory Tracking Walmart required it of their top 100 vendors Walmart required it of their top 100 vendors Authorized building access (Prox Cards) Authorized building access (Prox Cards) Passports (US passports recently) Passports (US passports recently) AmEx Blue credit card AmEx Blue credit card Prison inmates (embedded) Prison inmates (embedded)

5. RFID Applications For toll booths (or any “pay for entry” system) For toll booths (or any “pay for entry” system) Airport Baggage ID Airport Baggage ID Car keys, wireless entry and ignition Car keys, wireless entry and ignition Animals Animals Hospital Patients Hospital Patients Instant history tracking Instant history tracking

6. RFID Shortfalls Cost Cost Transceiver ~ $1000 Transceiver ~ $1000 RFID Tags $0.20 each RFID Tags $0.20 each Not competitive with cost of barcode Not competitive with cost of barcode UHF signals problematic near metal and water UHF signals problematic near metal and water Reader Collisions Reader Collisions Can be overcome using TDMA Can be overcome using TDMA Tag Collisions Tag Collisions Required some engineering of tag transmit timing Required some engineering of tag transmit timing Security Concerns Security Concerns

7. RFID Standards and Specifications Application specific ISO standards

8. RFID Standards Tracking Animals Tracking Animals ISO 11784 – Specifies the structure of the ID code ISO 11784 – Specifies the structure of the ID code ISO 11785 – Specifies how transponder is activated ISO 11785 – Specifies how transponder is activated ISO 14223/1 – Specifies RF code for advanced transponders ISO 14223/1 – Specifies RF code for advanced transponders Credit Cards Credit Cards ISO 15693 – Specifies modulation and coding schemes ISO 15693 – Specifies modulation and coding schemes Passports and proximity cards Passports and proximity cards ISO 14443 – Specifies modulation and coding schemes ISO 14443 – Specifies modulation and coding schemes General Frequency bands General Frequency bands ISO 18000 series ISO 18000 series

9. Standard RFID Operating Frequencies ISO 18000-2 ISO 18000-2 < 135 KHz < 135 KHz ISO 18000-3 ISO 18000-3 13.56 MHZ 13.56 MHZ ISO 18000-4 ISO 18000-4 2.45 GHz 2.45 GHz ISO 18000-6 ISO 18000-6 860-960 MHz 860-960 MHz ISO 18000-7 ISO 18000-7 433 MHZ (active ) 433 MHZ (active )

10. ISO 18000-2 ~ 135 kHz ISO 18000-3 ~ 13.56 MHz ISO 18000-6 ~ 800-960 MHz ISO 18000-4 ~ 2.45 GHz ISO 18000-7 ~ 433 MHz Standard RFID Operating Frequencies

11. ISO 18000-2 Operates at >135 KHz Operates at >135 KHz Inductive Inductive Unaffected by presence of water Unaffected by presence of water Short range (a few centimeters) Short range (a few centimeters) Fairly costly because of coil in transponder Fairly costly because of coil in transponder

12. ISO 18000-3 Operates at 13.56 MHz Operates at 13.56 MHz Inductive Inductive Lower cost ~ 35 cents Lower cost ~ 35 cents Thin flexible form factor ( smart label ) Thin flexible form factor ( smart label ) Read / write capable Read / write capable Unaffected by water (but has to be tuned to item) Unaffected by water (but has to be tuned to item) Mid range, 70 – 125 cms Mid range, 70 – 125 cms Two flavors: Two flavors: Mode 1 Standard ISO 15693 data rate (26 kb/s) Mode 1 Standard ISO 15693 data rate (26 kb/s) Mode 2 High speed interface (848 kb/s) Mode 2 High speed interface (848 kb/s)

13. ISO 18000-4 Operates at 2.45 GHz Operates at 2.45 GHz Propagating Propagating Dual Mode Dual Mode Passive Backscatter Passive Backscatter Passive tag currently out of fashion Passive tag currently out of fashion Active High data rate Active High data rate Long range in active version (100 m+) Long range in active version (100 m+) Affected by water (signal absorbed…microwave) Affected by water (signal absorbed…microwave) Read / write capable Read / write capable Moderate cost Moderate cost Small antenna Small antenna

14. ISO 18000-6 A/B Operates between 860 – 960 MHz Operates between 860 – 960 MHz Propagating Propagating Long range 2-5 meters Long range 2-5 meters Low cost Low cost High data rates High data rates “Frequency agile” “Frequency agile” Read / write capable Read / write capable Relatively large antenna Relatively large antenna The future for mass application RFID The future for mass application RFID

15. ISO 18000-7 Operates at 433 MHz Operates at 433 MHz Active Active Long range - many meters Long range - many meters High cost High cost High data rates High data rates Read / write capable Read / write capable Manifest tags- DoD Manifest tags- DoD