1. Physical Science February, 2011 1 Black Scientists & Inventors

2. Benjamin Banneker, Thomas Jennings, other exceptional scientists 2 During slavery, most black slaves were denied formal education and in fact many laws were passed in the South prohibiting slave literacy in the aftermath of various slave rebellions. This _______ education and ________ meant that, for most part, blacks were shut out of ____________ occupations and confined to working in industries deemed

3. Places of Employment 3 acceptable for them, such as domestic services, some manual trades, and ________. Nevertheless a small number of ________ blacks were able to obtain an ________ and, through their ______ work, make significant contributions to American life.

4. Scientists 4 Two early African-American scientists, namely mathematician and __________Benjamin Banneker and agricultural _______ George Washington Carver, have become legendary for their _________ and _________. Born free in ________, Banneker was largely ____-______. He constructed the first striking clock to be made in America, helped survey the boundaries for __________, D.C., and published an _______, which compiled based on his own astronomical ____________ and ____________.

5. George Washington Carver 5 Carver was born into ______ at the very end of the Civil ___. He attended Iowa State College of Agriculture, where he received degrees in ___________ science. During his career as a researcher and ________, he advocated innovative agricultural _______ and developed hundreds of applications for certain agricultural products, such as the ______.

6. Banneker 6 And Carver are probably the best-_____ black __________, they were not the only ones. The achievements of a selection of pioneering black scientists will be outlined in the list of ______ American Scientists in this presentation.

7. Inventors 7 Unlike black slaves, free blacks prior to the Civil War were entitled to receive _______ for their inventions. Though, again, because blacks lacked __________ and vocational ____________, few had the necessary skills or __________ to develop their inventive _____ or patent them.

8. Thomas Jennings 8 Despite these constraints, there were a number of successful black inventors whose ___________ proved useful and _________. Thomas ________, the first known African American to hold a ______, used the money he earned from his invention to fund abolitionist causes. Some slaves, who were skilled craftsman, did create devices or techniques that benefitted their masters’ enterprises. In 1870, following the Civil War, the U.S. patent laws were revised so that ______, regardless of ____, could hold a patent.

9. Below is a list of some notable African- America Scientists. 9 Benjamin Banneker: (1731-1806)- Born into a family of free blacks in Maryland, Banneker learned the rudiments of reading, writing, and arthmetic from grandmother and a Quaker schoolmaster. Later he taught himself advanced mathematics and astronmy. He is best know for publishing an almanac based on his astronomical calculations. Your class assignment is to select one African American Scientist from the list below and one African American Inventor and hand write two paragraphs about them, plus write definitions for a list of words attached. (The Assignment is a QUIZ grade).

10. African American Scientists- Select one to research and write about. 10 Rebecca Cole (1846-1922) Edward Alexander Bouchet (1852-1918) Dr. Daniel Hale Williams (1856-1931) George Washington Carver (1865-1943) Charles Henry Turner (1867-1923) Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941) Archibald Alexander (1888-1958) Roger Arliner Young (1889-1964)

11. More African American Scientists 11 Percy L. Julian (1899-1975) Dr. Charles Richard Drew (1904-1950) Emmett Chappelle (1925- James West (1931- Philip Emeagwali (1954- Aprille Ericsson (1963-

12. African American Inventors 12 Thomas L. Jennings (1791-1859): A tailor in New York City, Jennings is credited with being the first African American to hold a U.S. patent, which was issued in 1821, was for dry-cleaning process. Norbert Rillieux (1806-1894) Benjamin Bradley (1830?- ?) Elijah McCoy (1844-1929) Lewis Howard Latimer (1848-1929)

13. African American Inventors 13 Granville T. Woods (1856-1910) Madame C.J. Walker (1867-1919) Garrett Augustus Morgan (1877-1963) Frederick McKinley Jones (1892-1961) David Crosthwait., Jr. (1898-1976) Patricia Bath (1942- Mark Dean (1957-

14. Vocabulary Words- Define the following words 14 Literacy- Educated, able to read and write. Contribution- Ingenuity- Almanac- Observations- Researcher- Patent-

15. Key Vocabulary 15 Literacy- Educated able to read Contribution- to give along with others, help, assist Ingenuity- skill or cleverness in planning or inventing Almanac- A publication esp. of astronomical and meteorological data, an annual publication of miscellaneous information. Observations- the gathering of information (as for scientific studies) by noting facts or occurences. Researcher- the collecting of information about a particular subject. Patent- a document securing to an inventor for a term of years

16. Vocabulary 16 Exclusive right to his or her invention. Something patented,