1. APPLIED GEOPHYSICS POTENTIAL FIELD METHODS JEANNOT TRAMPERT

2. GAUSS’ THEOREM For any vector F

3. STOKES’ THEOREM For any vector F

4. POTENTIAL FIELD THEORY A force F derives from a scalar potential Φ if The work done by force F (see Stokes) irrotational conservative field

5. POTENTIAL FIELD THEORY A force field B derives from a vector potential A if A is not unique (gauge conditions divA=0 or divA=-dφ/dt) divergence free incompressible solenoidal field

6. GRAVITY

7. Gauss Stokes Poisson Laplace

8. GRAVITY Gravity measures spatial variations of the gravitational field due to lateral variations in density.

11. ELECTROSTATICS (CHARGES AT REST)

12. Gauss Stokes Poisson Laplace ε = permittivity ELECTROSTATICS (CHARGES AT REST)

13. MAGNETOSTATICS (MOVING CHARGES)

14. Lorentz Ampere μ = permeability If no currents (j=0) B derives from a scalar potential

15. BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS Poisson Laplace ρ is a source term Solutions to the Laplace equation are called harmonic functions Poisson and Laplace are elliptic pde Boundary value problem: Find φ in a volume V given the source and additional information on the surface: Dirichlet: φ specified on the surface Neumann: gradφ specified on the surface

16. MAGNETOSTATICS Geomagnetics measures spatial variations of the intensity of the magnetic field due to lateral variations in magnetic susceptibility.

18. ELECTROMAGNETICS MOVING CHARGES IN TIME VARYING FIELDS Maxwell’s equations

19. ELECTRO MAGNETICS

20. GRAVITY METHOD The acceleration of a mass m due to another mass M at a distance r is given by We can only directly measure g in the vertical direction. In exploration, we usually directly deal with g, in large scale problems it is easier to work with the scalar potential (geoid)

21. GRAVITY METHOD The contributions are summed in the vertical direction. Unit: 1 m/s 2 Earth surface 9.8 m/s 2 980 cm/s 2 980 Gal 980000 mGal anomalies order of mGal

22. MEASURING GRAVITY Falling body measurements Mass and spring measurements Pendulum measurements

23. PENDULUM The period T of a pendulum is related to g via K which represents the characteristics of the pendulum K is difficult to determine accurately  Relative measurements Precision 0.1mGal  Precision of T 0.1 ms  Long measurements

24. MASS ON SPRING Lacoste introduced a zero-length spring (tension proportional to length) first used in the Lacoste-Romberg gravitymeter. Zero length-string is very sensitivity to small changes in g. In the Worden gravitymeter spring and lever are made from quartz  minimizes temperature changes  0.01 mGal precision

26. ABSOLUTE GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS If we only survey a small region, relative measurements are enough (assume reference g), but comparing different regions requires the knowledge of absolute gravity.  IGSN-71  Absolute measurements (z=gt 2 /2)