1. Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles
Fullerenes and Nanotubes
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

2. Buckyball What are some possible uses for a buckyball?
• molecular ball bearings
• drug delivery vehicles
Insert transistor from nanoscale me
• semiconductors/transistors
The commercial applications of buckyballs are novel yet immature in their applications.
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

3. Fullerenes
However, the buckyball discovery has led to research on a new class of materials called fullerenes, or buckminsterfullerenes.
Fullerenes are materials with:
a three dimensional network of carbon atoms,
each atom is connected to exactly three
neighbors, and
each atom is bonded by two single bonds and
one double bond (e.g., C82).
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

4. Fullerenes Why is diamond not a fullerene?
Why is graphite not a fullerene?
Are fullerenes a new allotropic form of carbon?

5. Fullerenes What other questions can we ask about fullerenes?
How about: “Can anything be put inside of it?”
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

6. Fullerenes Would the following fit inside of a buckyball?
An atom of nitrogen
d = ~120 pm
Definitely
A molecule of sulfuric acid
d = ~700 pm
Not likely
A molecule of hydrogen
d = ~150 pm
Quite possibly
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

7. Fullerenes
Fullerenes with material inside are called cage compounds, or endohedral compounds.
The formulas of endohedral compounds are shown as M represents the item inside of the cage.
Examples of known compounds include:
and
What possible applications might there be
for endohedral buckyballs?
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

8. Fullerenes
Exohedral compounds are those in which a wide variety of both inorganic and organic groups added to the exterior of the cage.
These materials offer the most exciting potential for useful applications of fullerene materials.
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

9. Fullerenes
Combination endo- and exohedral compounds have also been synthesized. An interesting example is:
The gadolinium (Gd) is inside the cage and the outside is covered with hydroxyl groups.
is a possible enhancement material for magnetic resonance imaging, MRI.
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

10. Fullerenes Commercial and biological possibilities exist: Sunscreens
due to photophysical properties
Antibacterials
due to redox and general
chemical reactivity
Superconducting materials
due to physical properties
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

11. Nanoparticles Are there other carbon nanoparticles?
If a sheet of graphite is rolled into a cylinder, what is wrong with this structure?
Hint: don’t forget about
corannulene (buckybowls)!
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

12. Nanotubes Now you have a carbon NANOTUBE!
Now you have a carbon NANOTUBE!
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

13. Nanotube News Cylindrical fullerene discovered in 1991
Internal cylinder diameter of 1 to 50 nm
Length of about 100 nm up to several micrometers and longer
They can be single walled, called SWNTs, or made up of multiple layers, called MWNTs.

14. Nanotubes Nanotubes have vastly different properties than
fullerene cages.
For example…

15. Nanotube News … it’s incredibly strong!
Why do you think nanotubes are so strong?
Hint: diamond’s strength is due to…
Because each carbon atom in a nanotube is covalently bonded to three others, it has great tensile strength.

16. Nanotubes
Nanotubes are also light weight, have a high melting point, and can conduct electricity.
What are some possible uses of nanotubes?
nano-wires
nano-test tubes
nano-velcro
nano-ropes

17. Nanotubes Nano-test tubes Inner diameter ~1.2 nm
Length ~ 2 micrometers
Volume of liter — a zeptoliter!!

18. Nanoropes
Nano-ropes
Strongest fiber known – 100 times stronger than steel per gram.
What applications can you imagine for an unbelievably strong rope or cable made of such material?
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

19. Far Out Application? A space elevator-- a new transport into space?
Is it possible?

20. Far Out Application? Some other things to think about:
Environmental advantages
Lightning hazards
Collisions with space junk
Radiation damage to the ribbon
Is there a limit to how large it can be?
How it is initially deployed?

21. — for better or for worse —
Nanotech
How do you think
the field of
nanotechnology
may change
your life
— for better or for worse —
over the next
50 years?

22. Making Connections Name the three carbon allotropes.
Compare and contrast cylindrical and spherical fullerenes and their unique characteristics.
What are some possible applications of discrete carbon nanoparticles?
What are some possible applications of extendable nanoparticles?
Judy add new screenshot
Neat and Discrete Carbon Nanoparticles

23. Module Flow Chart Lesson 1.1 What is Nanoscience? What is Nanoscience?
Examine and Compare size: macro, micro, sub-micro (nano)
SI prefixes
Lesson 1.2 What Makes Nanoscience so Different?
What makes Nanoscience so different?
Compare Newtonian and Quantum Chemistry Regimes as they relate to nanoscale science
Lesson 1.3 What Makes Nanoscience so Important?
Interdisciplinary science
The development of new technologies and instrumentation applications whose risk and benefits have yet to be determined
Poster Assessment
Students will further investigate the essential question that they have considered throughout the module: How and why do the chemical and physical properties of nanosamples differ from those of macrosamples?
Lesson 2.1 Extendable Solids
As the size of the sample decreases the ratio of surface particles to interior particles increases in ionic and metallic solids
Lesson 2.2 Extendable Solids: Reactivity, Catalysis, Adsorption
The difference between the energy at the surface atoms and energy of the interior atoms results in increased surface energy at the nanoscale
Higher surface energy allowing for increased reactivity, adsorption and catalysis at the nanoscale
Lesson 2.3
Extendable Structures: Melting Point, Color Conductivity
In Extendable Structures:
Melting point decreases because surface energy increases
Color changes because electron orbital changes with decreased particle size
Electrical conductivity decreases because electron orbital changes with decreased particle size
Lesson 3.1
Carbon Chemistry
The molecular geometry is related to bond number and type of bond (single, double, and triple)
The requirement of four bonds and their alternate resonance structures is most significant in the formation of carbon allotropes
Different allotropes can have very different physical and chemical properties
Unit 3 Lesson 2
Fullerenes and Nanotubes
Fullerenes and nanotubes are a family of carbon allotropes They can have different shapes (spherical and cylindrical), form endohedral, exohedral, SWNTs and MWNTs compounds, and demonstrate exceptional tensile strength
Possible application currently being explored