1. CCD Detectors in High- Resolution Biology Jian Guan 6-28-2013

2. Overview Some Chemistry Concepts What is CCD? How does CCD work? Structure of CCD Principle of CCD Operation Pixel Size calculation

3. 1.12ev 3.55ev Some Chemistry Concepts

4. Silicon Crystal

5. What is CCD? Willard.S Boyle George Elwood Smith

6. How does CCD work?

7. Structure of CCD

8. Principles of CCD Operation More than enough Damage Interference from X-ray

9. Indirect Detection is much more acceptable: Electron energy conversion into light high conversion efficiency into visible radiation, reasonably short and well-defined decay time of the emitted scintillation, phosphor output wavelength matched to CCD sensitivity (which has a maximum at ~700 nm), resistance to radiation damage, a convenient, reproducible method of depositing a thin layer of phosphor on a flat surface. P20: zinc cadmium sulphide doped with silver P43: gadolinium oxy-sulphide doped with terbium

10. Optical coupling: Lens or Fibre optics Lens couplingFibre optics

11. Readout and analog-to-digital

12. Noises Dark current noise Readout noise Spurious events due to X-rays or cosmic rays Temperature-dependent keep cold Faster readout, more than one read out node Software algorithm

13. Electron diffraction applications

14. Pixel Size Calculation Calculation of Pixel Size from a CCD Image Pixel size = Actual pixel size Magnification Save CCD image in DM3 file format  Get the pixel size information from the Digital Micrograph program If not:

15. Apogee AP7p CCD Pixel Array: 512 x 512 pixels Array Dimensions: 12.3 mm x 12.3 mm Pixel Dimensions: 24 micron square Actual pixel size = Array dimension Pixel arry = 12.3/512 = 24 micron = 240,000 Angstrom Magnification = 100,000 Pixel size = Actual pixel size Magnification = 2.4 Angstrom