1. Food Security and Institutions in Protracted Crises: Enhancing Food Systems Resilience Challenges for GECAFS Research Arising from Case Studies in DRC, Somalia and Sudan Günter Hemrich, Food Systems Economist Agricultural and Development Economics Division (ESA) FAO, Rome, Italy

2. Presentation Outline Food Security Challenges in Protracted Crises Overview of FAO Case Study Series Relevance for GECAFS Research

3. Presentation Outline Food Security Challenges in Protracted Crises Overview of FAO Case Study Series Relevance for GECAFS Research

4. Food Emergencies 1986-2005 Source: FAO

5. Causes of Food Emergencies in 2005 AfricaAsia Latin America Europe Human19421 Weather0420 Combined8110 Total27951

6. Location and Protraction of Food Emergencies

7. Societies in Protracted Crises: Irretrievable Loss in Resilience? 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Time Efficiency of Food System services Resilience of Food Systems Shock

8. Food System Resilience: Prerequisite for Food Security Food Security Dimensions: Availability Access Stability Utilization Resources Distribution Production Consumption Processing Food System Markets Policies Societal Resilience Ecology Knowledge Institutions Resources

9. Re-building food system resilience: the twin-track approach Twin Track Approach AvailabilityAccess And Utilization Stability Rural Development / productivity enhancement Improving rural food production, esp. by small- scale farmers Investing in rural infrastructure Resource rehabilitation and conservation Enhancing income and other entitlements to food Re-establishing rural institutions Mechanisms to ensure safe food Diversifying agriculture and employment Monitoring food security and vulnerability Dealing with the structural causes of food insecurity Direct and Immediate Access to Food Food Aid Seed/input relief Enabling Market Revival Food/Cash transfers Social Programs Nutrition intervention prog Re-establishing social Safety nets Peace building efforts

10. Food Security Information for Action Information Tools FS Analysis/Action Platform FS Policy/Strategy Framework FS Benchmarks FS Prgrms Twin Track Conceptual Framework Twin Track Operational Framework Information Action

11. Challenges of the Twin-track Defining and understanding the operational implications Defining prioritisation mechanisms Capturing the institutional context

12. Presentation Outline Food Security Challenges in Protracted Crises Overview of FAO Case Study Series Relevance for GECAFS Research

14. Draft Studies DRC Households Land Use Strategies in a Protracted Crisis Context: Land Tenure, Conflict and Food Security in Eastern DRC (Koen Vlassenroot, University of Ghent) Food Security and Interventions in Beni-Lubero: Back to the Future? (Timothy Raeymaekers, University of Ghent) Somalia Trade, Livelihoods and Food Security in a Protracted Political Emergency: The Case of Jubba Region, Southern Somalia (Peter Little, University of Kentucky) Livestock, Markets and Food Security in Southern and Central Somalia (Andy Catley, Tufts University) Sudan Changes and Potential Resilience of Food Systems in the Nuba Mountains Conflict (Sara Pantuliano, ODI) Policies, Practice and Participation in Complex Emergencies: The Case of Livestock Interventions in South Sudan (Andy Catley, Tufts University)

15. Case Study Framework

16. Emerging findings Failing institutions and conflicts over resources are the driving factors of the crisis and of food insecurity; Local stakeholder responses often have a long term perspective and have adapted to the crises. Are these adaptations sustainable? Repeated short term responses have saved lives but have impacted negatively on long-term food security; Long term responses may be possible also under emergency contexts, but have often been treating the symptoms rather the causes of the crises.

17. Presentation Outline Food Security Challenges in Protracted Crises Overview of FAO Case Study Series Relevance for GECAFS Research

18. GECAFS Conceptual Framework Source: GECAFS (2005): Science Plan, p. 10 Conditions & Scenarios Current Food System Adapted Food Systems Vulnerability & Impacts Feedbacks Adaptation Decision Support

19. Context Food System Adaptation Decision Support DRC State reconstruction from above Gap between coping and effective resilience Data scarce environment Somalia Stateless environment, Cross-border issues Environmental Decline; Role of markets and trade Premature development- orientation? Sudan Prominence of land-tenure issues Conflict impact on labour availability Nuba: Principles of engagement

20. Conclusions Need to better understand the factors contributing to the resilience of agricultural and food systems in protracted crisis situations; Establish policy and planning frameworks for effective responses; Devising adapted decision support mechanisms is critical for making research actionable

21. Thank you Please visit www.fao.org/es/esa www.fao.org/es/esa and www.informationforaction.org www.informationforaction.org