1. AMMONIA CHAIN MIKE LOPER PAUL MATTHEWS

2. INTRODUCTION PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA USES AND DERIVATIVES AMMONIUM NITRATE AMMONIUM SULFATE UREA NITRIC ACID OTHER ECONOMICS

3. AMMONIA PRODUCTION N 2 + 3H 2 + Δ /PRESSURE ⇌ 2NH 3 HABER-BOSCH PROCESS IRON-OXIDE CATALYST RUTHENIUM-CARBON NEW, BUT EXPENSIVE H 2 USUALLY DIRECT FROM OIL REFINERY 85-90% YIELD

4. USES AND DERIVATIVES OF AMMONIA Uses of Ammonia Direct fertilizer use20% Other fertilizer use60% Chemical intermediates19% Miscellaneous1% MAINLY AGRICULTURE AMMONIUM NITRATE AMMONIUM SULFATE UREA NITRIC ACID POLYMERS ACRYLONITRILE CAPROLACTAM EXPLOSIVES NITROGLYCERIN VERY SMALL PORTION

5. AMMONIUM NITRATE NH 3 + HNO 3 → NH 4 NO 3 PRILLING HOT CONCENTRATE SPRAYED FROM TOWER REMOVES END TRACES OF WATER 82:18 RATIO OF FERTILIZER:EXPLOSIVE END USE COLD PACKS

6. AMMONIUM SULFATE 2NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 → (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 FERTILIZER FOOD ADDITIVE ENZYME PURIFICATION

7. UREA 2HN 3 + CO 2 → NH 2 COO - NH 4 + → NH 2 CONH 2 + H 2 O 80% YIELD EXCESS IS USED FOR FERTILIZER DIRECT FERTILIZER LIVESTOCK FEED RESINS ADHESIVES EXPLOSIVES HAIR REMOVAL

8. NITRIC ACID 1. 4 NH 3 + 5 O 2 → 4 NO + 6 H 2 O 2. 2 NO + O 2 → 2 NO 2 3. 3 NO 2 + H 2 O → 2 HNO 3 + NO OSTWALD PROCESS MADE INTO OTHER CHEMICALS AMMONIUM NITRATE POLYMERS ROCKET PROPELLANT

9. ECONOMICS Chemical/ Derivative Annual Production (thousands of tons) Annual Worth (thousands of $) Ammonia11,519239,409 Ammonium Nitrate 8,291368,265 Ammonium Sulfate 3,168152,461 Nitric Acid8,700108,229 Urea6,287135,766

10. REFERENCES IMAGES AMMONIUM NITRATE PRILLS. RETRIEVED NOVEMBER 10, 2013, FROM: HTTP://WWW.SRIAMMANCHEMICALS.COM/FULL-IMAGES/POROUS-PRILLED- AMMONIUM-NITRATE-790634.JPGHTTP://WWW.SRIAMMANCHEMICALS.COM/FULL-IMAGES/POROUS-PRILLED- AMMONIUM-NITRATE-790634.JPG BREAD. RETRIEVED NOVEMBER 10, 2013, FROM: HTTP://CDN.ZMESCIENCE.COM/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2012/12/FRESH-SLICED-BREAD.JPGHTTP://CDN.ZMESCIENCE.COM/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2012/12/FRESH-SLICED-BREAD.JPG CHENIER, P. J. (2002). SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY, THIRD EDITION. NEW YORK: KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. GLOBAL AMMONIA CONSUMPTION PIE CHART. RETRIEVED NOVEMBER 10, 2013, FROM: HTTP://WWW.CHEMSYSTEMS.COM/REPORTS/SEARCH/DOCS/PROSPECTUS/SBA09_AMMONIA_UREA_PROSPECTUS.PDF HTTP://WWW.CHEMSYSTEMS.COM/REPORTS/SEARCH/DOCS/PROSPECTUS/SBA09_AMMONIA_UREA_PROSPECTUS.PDF HOUSEHOLD AMMONIA. RETRIEVED NOVEMBER 10, 2013, FROM: HTTP://IMAGES.CPCACHE.COM/MERCHANDISE/514_400X400_NOPEEL.JPG?REGION=NAME:FRONTCENTER,ID:69021497,W:16 HTTP://IMAGES.CPCACHE.COM/MERCHANDISE/514_400X400_NOPEEL.JPG?REGION=NAME:FRONTCENTER,ID:69021497,W:16 NAIR LOGO. RETRIEVED NOVEMBER 10, 2013, FROM: HTTP://DIVASANDDORKS.COM/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2013/05/NAIRLOGONEW- 1024X402.JPGHTTP://DIVASANDDORKS.COM/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2013/05/NAIRLOGONEW- 1024X402.JPG NITROGEN MANUFACTURING PROCESS CHART. RETRIEVED NOVEMBER 10, 2013, FROM: HTTP://WWW.CHEMGUIDE.CO.UK/PHYSICAL/EQUILIBRIA/HABERFLOW.GIF HTTP://WWW.CHEMGUIDE.CO.UK/PHYSICAL/EQUILIBRIA/HABERFLOW.GIF SOURCES CHENIER, P. J. (2002). SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY, THIRD EDITION. NEW YORK: KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. PRINCETON. (2013). AMMONIUM NITRATE. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.PRINCETON.EDU/~ACHANEY/TMVE/WIKI100K/DOCS/AMMONIUM_NITRATE.HTML WANG, N. S. (N.D.). EXPERIMENT NO. 6A - ENZYME PURIFICATION. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING. COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (2013). FOOD ADDITIVE DETAILS. RETRIEVED FROM CODEX ALIMENTARIUS: HTTP://IMAGES.CPCACHE.COM/MERCHANDISE/514_400X400_NOPEEL.JPG?REGION=NAME:FRONTCENTER,ID:69021497,W:16