1. Cultures of North America
Chapter 1 Section 2

2. Define culture. List three things that help make up culture.
the entire way of life developed by a people
EXAMPLES:
- customs, ideas, beliefs, homes, clothes, religion,
economy, language, skills taught to new
generations

3. What are three things archaeologists discovered about the Mound Builders?
1. mounds were used as burial grounds for
important leaders
2. shells and turquoise found in the mounds that
shows they traded with other people
3. some mounds were used for religious
ceremonies

4. What area of the United States did the Hohokams and Anasazi live
What area of the United States did the Hohokams and Anasazi live? Describe one accomplishment of the Hohokams and the Anasazi.
- Southwestern United States
present day Southern Utah/Colorado/Northern Arizona/New Mexico
Anasazi: - Southern Utah/Colorado/Northern Arizona/New Mexico
- used irrigation to farm
built large cliff dwellings out of adobe (sun dried brick) to protect themselves against attacks by outsiders such as the Navajos.
skilled in making baskets, pottery, and jewelry.
involved in trade.

5. Hohokams Hohokams: - Arizona
irrigated the desert from the Salt and Gila Rivers (present day Arizona) to farm.
The Hohokams traded for seashells, which they used to create jewelry and religious objects.

6. Although their cultures were different, many shared some basic traits.
Ways of Life
The Native Americans can be classified as having several culture areas.
A culture area is a region in which groups of people have a similar way of live.
Although their cultures were different, many shared some basic traits.

7. Basic Traits
Women collected roots wild seeds, nuts, acorns, and berries
Men hunted for game and fished.
Native Americans learned to grow crops suited to the climate in which they lived.
They used pointed sticks for digging
Bones and shells as hoes

8. Shared Beliefs
Native Americans felt a close relationship to the natural world.
They believed in spirits of nature and these spirits were a part of their daily life.
Storytellers memorized history and beliefs and then recited them.
This is how they passed on traditions from generation to generation.

9. Native Americans of North America
Far North (Inuit)
These people lived in harsh conditions where their land was covered with ice sometimes all year long.
They lived on fish, shellfish, and birds.
They hunted marine mammals, whales, seals, and walruses, from kayaks.
Kayaks are small boats made from skin.
The climate was too cold to farm so they hunted caribou, moose, bear, and smaller animals.

10. Northwest
The region of the Pacific Northwest stretched from Alaska to Northern California.
Deer, bears, roots, berries, and salmon made it possible for the people of this region to make a permanent settlement.
High ranking people of the Northwest practiced a custom called potlatch.
A potlatch is a ceremony where the host showered their guests with gifts such as woven cloth, baskets, canoes, and furs.

11. Far West Winters could be very cold in the north
Desert-like in the South.
In California, with warm summers and mild winters, food was abundant.
Some Native Americans lived in pit houses and others lived in cone-shaped housed covered in bark.

12. Southwest
The area is now Arizona, New Mexico, and the southern parts of Utah and Colorado.
All of the groups of this region did some farming
The whether brought dry times as well as wet lands.
The people of this area had to find a way to store the rain for the dry times.
The Pueblo people such as the Hopis and Zunis built large apartment houses made out of adobe, or sun-dried brick.
Look on page 13 to see the different homes of Native Americans.

13. Great Plains
A vast region stretching between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.
These people lived mainly on farming.
Women planted corn, beans, and squash in the River Valley.
People lived in earth lodges made from log frames and covered in soil.
People who lived in the treeless land of the Great Plains built their homes (tepees) from animal skins or dug round pits near their field for shelter.
Hunters followed buffalo and they ate their meat and used their skin to make tepees, robes and shields. Bones were used to make tools.

14. Eastern Woodland
Lived in Southern Canada, the Great lakes, and along the Atlantic Coast to Virginia.
People lived by hunting, fishing, and foraging for nuts and berries.
Algonquians lived in the area of southern Canada to the Great Lakes.
Iroquois lived in New York.

15. Iroquois The Iroquois were made up of five distinct nations.
Each nation had its own clan or group of families that were related on one another.
Membership in a clan was passed from mother to child. Women had great influence in Iroquois society.
Women also chose the sachem or tribal chief.

16. League of the Iroquois
During the 1500’s, the five Iroquois nations went through a period of constant warfare.
The Iroquois leaders convinced their people to make peace.
They formed a union called the League of the Iroquois.
It established a council to make laws to keep the peace.

17. Southeast The climate in the southeast was mild, but summers were hot.
The land and climate were good for farming.
The Cherokees and Creeks built their homes on wooden frames, covered with straw mats. Then they plastered or covered their house with mud to keep the interior cool and dry.