1. Salvete, discipuli! Chapter VII: Subjunctive I

2. Verbal Aspects Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle ActivePassive Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect 1 st 2 nd 3 rd SingularPlural

3. The Subjunctive unreality” and potentialityThe basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to communicate is “unreality” and potentiality. i.e., the woulda, coulda, shoulda of Latin. The Subjunctive consists of 4 tenses: Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect potential/unreal actions are by nature in the future The Subjunctive has no future tenses because potential/unreal actions are by nature in the future. Therefore, no future is necessary.

4. The Subjunctive There are two basic types of Subjunctive: Independent and Dependent The Independent Subjunctive is really where the potential nature of the Subjunctive is apparent. The Dependent Subjunctive is used mainly to denote potentiality in a subordinate clause, and is rarely translated differently than a normal, indicative main verb.

5. Forming the Subjunctive The Subjunctive can be identified by a change in the stem of verbs. (cf. to infixes and endings) The Subjunctive Tenses, however, still employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned. change in the stem vowelIn the present tense, the subjunctive is indicated by a change in the stem vowel of the verb.

6. Conjugation Review The stem vowel of the verb is the one that occurs before the “re” 1st conjugation: amō, amāre 2nd conjugation: habeō, habēre 3rd conjugation: agō, agere (actually i) 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre

7. Present Subjunctive The changes in the present subjunctive are the following: 1st conjugation: ā --> e 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea 3rd conjugation: i --> a 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia

8. Present Subjunctive 1st conjugation: ā --> e 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea 3rd conjugation: i --> a 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia Therefore, we can use the phrase “we fear a liar” to help remember the changes.

9. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the present active subjunctive: 1.Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus -re. 2.Take off the -re. amā 3.Change the stem vowel ā --> e 4.Add the personal ending to the stem. -t ame + -t = amet (he/she/it loves)

10. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the present passive subjunctive: 1.Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus -re. 2.Take off the -re. amā 3.Change the stem vowel ā --> e 4.Add the personal ending to the stem. -tur ame + -tur = ametur (he/she/it is loved)

11. Practice 1.3 rd sing., pres., passive, subjunctive of maneō, manēre maneatur 2.2 nd plural pres., active, subjunctive of līberō, līberāre līberetis 3.1 st plural pres., passive, subjunctive of ducō, ducere ducamur 4.1 st singular pres., active subjunctive of fugiō, fugere fugiam 5.3 rd plural pres., passive, subjunctive of audiō, audīre audiantur

12. Forming the Subjunctive The Subjunctive can be identified by a change in the stem of verbs. (cf. to infixes and endings) The Subjunctive Tenses, however, still employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned. In the imperfect tense, the subjunctive is indicated by adding the endings directly to the present active infinitive of the verb.

13. Infinitive Review Below are the present, active, infinitives of the different conjugations: 1st conjugation: amō, amāre 2nd conjugation: habeō, habēre 3rd conjugation: agō, agere audīre 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre

14. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the imperfect active subjunctive: 1.Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus 2.Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive. -t amāre + -t = amāret (he/she/it was loving)

15. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the imperfect passive subjunctive: 1.Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus 2.Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive. -tur amāre + -tur = amāretur (he/she/it was being loved)

16. Practice 1.3 rd sing., imperf., passive, subj. of maneō, manēre manēretur 2.2 nd plural, imperf., active, subj. of līberō, līberāre līberā līberāretis 3.1 st plural, imperf., passive, subj. of ducō, ducere duceremur 4.1 st sing., imperf., active, subj. of fugiō, fugere fugerem 5.3 rd plural, imperf., passive, subj. of audiō, audīre audīrentur

17. Subjunctive Review Present Subjunctive ia “we fear a liar” Perfect Subjunctive ???? Pluperfect Subjunctive ???? Imperfect Subjunctive 2nd pp + pers. endings

18. The Perfect and Present Systems A Latin verb has four principle parts: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus 1 st, sing., present, active present, active, infinitive 1 st, sing., perfect, active perfect, passive, participle

19. The Perfect and Present Systems A Latin verb has four principle parts: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus Present System Active/PassiveActivePassive Perfect System

20. Forming the Subjunctive The Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned: Therefore, in the active voice, the 3rd principle part will be used. -eri.In the perfect active, the subjunctive is indicated by the infix -eri. -isse.In the pluperfect active, the subjunctive is indicated by the infix -isse.

21. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the perfect active subjunctive: 1.Find the perfect active stem (the 3rd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus -ī. 2.Take off the -ī. amāv 3.Add the infix “-eri” amāveri 4.Add the personal ending to the stem. -t amāveri + -t = amāverit (he/she/it loved)

22. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the pluperfect active subjunctive: 1.Find the perfect active stem (the 3rd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus -ī. 2.Take off the -ī. amāv 3.Add the infix “-isse” amāvisse 4.Add the active personal endings to the stem. -t amāvisse + -t = amāvisset (he/she/it had loved)

23. Practice 1.3 rd sing., perfect, active, subj. of maneō, manēre, mansī, mansus manserit 2.2 nd plural, plup., active, subj. of līberō, līberāre, liberāvī, liberātus līberāvissetis 3.1 st plural, perfect, active, subj. of ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus duxerimus 4.1 st singular, plup., active, subj. of fugiō, fugere, fugī, fugitūrus fugissem 5.3 rd plural, perfect, active, subj. of audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus audīverint

24. The Perfect and Present Systems A Latin verb has four principle parts: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus Present System Active/PassiveActivePassive Perfect System

25. Forming the Subjunctive The Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned: Therefore, in the passive voice, the 4th principle part will be used..In the perfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the present subjunctive of sum, esse. sum, esse.In the pluperfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse.

26. Present Tense of ‘sum, esse’ Indicative sum es est sumus estis sunt Subjunctivesimsissitsimussitissint

27. Imperfect Tense of ‘sum, esse’ Indicative eram erās erat erāmus erātis erant Subjunctive essem esses esset essemus essetis essent

28. Forming the Subjunctive The Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned: Therefore, in the passive voice, the 4th principle part will be used..In the perfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the present subjunctive of sum, esse. sum, esse.In the pluperfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse.

29. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the perfect passive subjunctive: 1.Find the perfect passive stem (the 4th principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus 2.Add the present subjunctive of “sum, esse” sit amātus + sit = amātus, a, um sit (he/she/it was loved) 3.Remember to show all the possibilities for genders amātus, a, um sit

30. Perfect Passive of “amō, amāre amāvī, amātus” Indicative amātus, a, um sum amātus, a, um es amātus, a, um est amātī, ae, a sumus amātī, ae, a estis amātī, ae, a sunt Subjunctive sim amātus, a, um sim sis amātus, a, um sis sit amātus, a, um sit simus amātī, ae, a simus sitis amātī, ae, a sitis sint amātī, ae, a sint

31. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the pluperfect passive subjunctive: 1.Find the perfect passive stem (the 4th principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus 2.Add the imperfect subjunctive of “sum, esse” esset amātus + esset = amātus, a, um esset (he/she/it was loved) 3.Remember to show all the possibilities for genders amātus, a, um esset

32. Pluperfect Passive of “amō, amāre amāvī, amātus” Indicative amātus, a, um eram amātus, a, um erās amātus, a, um erat amātī, ae, a erāmus amātī, ae, a erātis amātī, ae, a erant Subjunctive essem amātus, a, um essem esses amātus, a, um esses esset amātus, a, um esset essemus amātī, ae, a essemus essetis amātī, ae, a essetis essent amātī, ae, a essent

33. Practice 1.3 rd sing., perfect, pass., subj. of maneō, manēre, mansī, mansus mansus, a, um sit 2.2 nd plural, plup., pass., subj. of līberō, līberāre, liberāvī, liberātus līberātī,ae, a essetis 3.1 st plural, perfect, pass., subj. of ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus ductī, ae, a simus 4.1 st singular, plup., pass., subj. of fugiō, fugere, fugī, fugitūrus fugitūrus, a, um essem 5.3 rd plural, perfect, pass., subj. of audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus audītī, ae, a sint

34. Subjunctive Review Present Subjunctive ia “we fear a liar” Perfect Subjunctive Pluperfect SubjunctiveImperfect Subjunctive 2nd pp + pers. endings Active 3rd pp + eri Passive 4th pp + sim, sis, sit Active 3rd pp + isse Passive 4th pp + essem, esses, esset

35. Homework? Remember! 1.Homework 39