1. Period 4: Global Interactions c.1450- c.1750

2. Introduction FINALLY…a truly global time Americas & Oceania join Afro-Eurasia in trade The encounters between these worlds drastically changed societies, economies, politics, demographics and environments

3. Ch 10 (CCWH; pg. 119) European Exploration Expands

4. Factors that led to European Exploration Advances in European ship design Technology gained from trade also a benefit Caravel Compass Accurate maps Astrolabe Rudders & sails

6. Europeans desire to spread Christianity Competing with popularity of Islam Reconquista Targeted South and East Asia Every expedition carried missionaries Changes in Christianity sparks evangelicalism Incentives given to France, Spain, Portugal Protestant Reformation split church but also added more competition Had to beat the Protestants

7. Trade as a motivator Europeans weren’t dumb…they could see the profit to be had with the luxuries coming out of Asia Trade is going to trigger the Renaissance as well as the growth of cities Once they understood the value of the Americas…

8. Why Western and not Eastern Europe? Russia had no warm water ports; so expanded its land empire and didn’t reach Pacific Ocean until 17 th C European countries with Atlantic Ocean coast had advantages over land-locked countries in the east

10. Why Not China? China did send fleets to Indian Ocean to trade and explore Treasure ships – 400 feet long Commanded by Zheng He Brought back animals, plants, goods & people from Africa & India Ming emperor cancelled the expeditions because of great expense Nothing out there that we don’t need – the Middle Kingdom Had the ability but chose not to

13. Spain follows Portugal Leads the Way to New Lands

14. Why Portugal and Spain first? Portugal – South, Spain – West Geography Long Atlantic coastlines Proximity to Africa Reconquista Spain’s “re-conquering” of Iberian Peninsula drove the Muslims from Spain Gave Spanish leaders a strong patriotism were eager to expand their influence

16. Why Portugal and Spain first? Italian trade domination in Mediterranean Portugal & Spain wanted to by-pass them Therefore went South & West

17. Portugal Goes South Prince Henry the Navigator (not a navigator but a real prince) Established a navigation school on Atlantic coast Trained sailors and sponsored many expeditions along west coast of Africa They “discovered” Madeira & Azores Islands

18. Portugal goes South 1488 – Bartolomeo Dias rounded tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) 1498 – Vasco da Gama made it to India Portugal established link to the east

19. Spain goes West Had no choice…the only unclaimed direction Believed Afro-Eurasia was the only land mass Made sense to them that to sail west was to find India, the Indies or China (Cathay) Columbus convinced Ferdinand and Isabella that he would find for them Glory and Gold and claim new “lands” for God GOD, GOLD & GLORY

21. Spain goes West Spanish & Columbus thought he made it Area later called West Indies The mistake actually paid off Spain eventually accumulated great wealth because of agriculture and mining Sugar Gold & silver

22. Its Effect on the World Columbian Exchange The transfer of animals, plants, diseases and people due to the contact between the peoples of Europe, Africa and the Americas

23. Animals and Plants of the Exchange From African and Europe and Asia to the Americas East to West – Old to New Horses, pigs, chickens, cows, sugarcane, bananas, wheat, rice Tremendous effect to environment of the Americas Horses changed the culture of almost EVERY Native American group Sugarcane allowed Europeans to create huge plantations and caused the Atlantic Slave Trade

24. Animals and Plants of the Exchange From the Americas to Europe, Africa and Asia West to East – New to Old Potato, tomato, tobacco, maize (corn), cocoa, peppers Potato became popular in Europe – easy to store and grow Maize became a staple in Africa and China Foods created population growth wherever planted

26. Diseases from the Exchange Caused the greatest human destruction since the 14 th century Black Death Small pox, eradicated whole villages Arawak People of the Caribbean 100% Estimated 90% of the Native American Population This cause vast, uninhabited areas for Europeans to conquer and settle

28. Human Migration caused by Exchange Most migrated voluntarily but Africans forcibly Some European forcibly as indentured servants Penal colonies Spanish males Very few females Miscegenation Vast Sugar Plantations Encomienda Decimation of native population led to importation of African slaves

29. Human Migration caused by Exchange Portugal first to tap into already existing slave trade in Africa Shipped them to plantations in Brazil Spain follows by buying from “factories” on the “Slave Coast” on the West African Coast “Middle Passage” To the Caribbean

31. Religions of the Exchange Christian Missionaries accompanied every expedition to the New World Catholic clergy zealously spread the holy word by holding mass baptisms but didn’t include the usual instruction A unique Catholic culture arose as a result

33. Mining and the Exchange Aztec/Mexican gold went straight into Spain’s treasury Incan/Peruvian silver became the metal of global exchange American silver traded in Asia for spices, silk and anything else desired by Europeans (Remember “You have nothing we (China) need?” they really meant “you have nothing that we need— except silver.”) Japan enters into this exchange because they have silver too THIS IS THE FIRST TRULY GLOBAL EXCHANGE NETWORK

35. Latin America and the Atlantic World Latin American society a direct result of cultural blending: food, faith, family structure and racial identities

36. Economics and the Atlantic World Includes interaction between 4 continents Africa, Europe, North and South America Latin America is a cultural territory included in the Atlantic World that indicated areas that were once controlled by Portuguese or Spanish England, France, the Netherlands also had colonies in the Americas (primarily North America but also Caribbean Islands) All competed with each other for a part of the global market

37. Thirteen English Colonies North American colonies were considered “backwater” and an “after-thought” Not a big deal because there was little profit…aka no GOLD, SILVER or SUGAR Biggest commodity to come out of North America was fish, cod to be exact

39. Triangle Trade Sugar, Rum, Cod from Americas to Europe for silver Silver to Africa for slaves Slaves to Americas to work the plantations THIS IS AN OVER-SIMPLICATION

41. Mercantilism Use of raw materials from the colonies to make products to sell globally The country must have a positive balance of trade Gov’t tax imports (tariffs) and invested with private trading companies British East India Company British EIC made and enforced their own laws ect with rulers

43. Continuities in the Global Networks of Exchange Period 4 is not “all Atlantic, all the time”

44. Continuities in Religion Islam continues its spread across Sub- Saharan Africa and into East and Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Philippines) Buddhism moves across SE Asia and into parts of Central Asia Hinduism is core in India

45. Continuities in Trade Indian Ocean trade continued to thrive European merchants could only joined if they cooperated with the local rulers of the port cities because they couldn’t dominate this long-established organization Atlantic trade volume eventually surpassed the Indian Ocean trade

46. Continuities in Agriculture Most people in the world were STILL farmers – most growing just enough for their families to live on with a little left over to sell Others grew a single crop to be exported for food (initial commercial farming) Changes occurred because of the flood of new foods from the Americas

47. Continuities in Migrations Just before 1492 most mass migrations had ended Hawaii inhabited by 900 Tahiti by c 1300 Bantu Migration near end – built Great Zimbabwe