1. Violence in Darfur, Sudan Genocide or Conflict?

2. Violence in Darfur, Sudan Quiz 1. What year did Sudan receive independence? (Same year that internal conflict began) 2. What are the two main ethnic groups fighting? 3. Which country planned to unify the two regions of Sudan, before the civil war broke out? 4. What is the natural resource that makes this even more of a global conflict? 5. What is the name of the President of Sudan? 6. What two occupations do the land tensions derive from? Arabs v. Africans 7. Name one of the rebel groups involved in this conflict? 8. What is the pro-government militia called? 9. What types of actions (atrocities) has the “Government militia” been accused of? 10. What country has received most of the refugees and displaced people?

3. Answers 1. 1956 2. Northern Arabs v. Southern Black Africans 3. Britain 4. Oil 5. Omar Al-Bashir 6. Arabs = nomadic herding / Africans = Farmers 7. SLA, SLM, JEM, National Redemption Front 8. Janjaweed 9. Rape, murder, burning villages and crops, poison water supplies, etc. 10. Chad

4. Sudan Was the Largest country in Africa (united) Who lives there? Oil – 70% profit for military funding 6 Million in population: poverty Survive on farming (Africans) and nomadic herding (Arabs) Darfur, Sudan Darfur is a desert region located in the far west of northern Sudan. It is bigger than California and—before major violence erupted in 2003—had a population of about six million. http://www.savedarfur.org/pages/background

7. Darfur is a desert region located in the far west of Sudan, the biggest country in Africa.

10. Issue at hand… “Darfur, a large region in western Sudan, is home to numerous ethnic groups, some Arab and some who go by the label “African.” “Darfur, a large region in western Sudan, is home to numerous ethnic groups, some Arab and some who go by the label “African.” Violence broke out in 2003, when African rebels demanding better treatment for Darfur attacked a Sudanese military site. Violence broke out in 2003, when African rebels demanding better treatment for Darfur attacked a Sudanese military site. The Sudanese government retaliated by arming Arab militias and pitting them against the rebels.” www.worldconflicts.com The Sudanese government retaliated by arming Arab militias and pitting them against the rebels.” www.worldconflicts.com www.worldconflicts.com

11. Sides and Perspectives One side of the conflict is an uprising by Darfuri African rebels wanting greater funding for Darfur and more influence for Darfuri politicians in Sudanese national politics. (Several different rebel groups support different leaders/policies and are not coming to agreements to resolve conflict) One side of the conflict is an uprising by Darfuri African rebels wanting greater funding for Darfur and more influence for Darfuri politicians in Sudanese national politics. (Several different rebel groups support different leaders/policies and are not coming to agreements to resolve conflict) Other side is a campaign by “government-supported” Arab militias, the Janjaweed, to defeat the rebels, which quickly expanded into a campaign to kill or displace hundreds of thousands of Darfuri Africans, mainly civilians, throughout the region. Other side is a campaign by “government-supported” Arab militias, the Janjaweed, to defeat the rebels, which quickly expanded into a campaign to kill or displace hundreds of thousands of Darfuri Africans, mainly civilians, throughout the region.

12. Janjaweed A collection of Darfur-based Arab militias, supposedly armed by the Sudanese government to fight African rebels in Darfur A collection of Darfur-based Arab militias, supposedly armed by the Sudanese government to fight African rebels in Darfur Attack villages, raping and killing inhabitants Attack villages, raping and killing inhabitants Sixteen known Janjaweed bases Sixteen known Janjaweed bases Membership numbers estimated at a few thousand Membership numbers estimated at a few thousand

13. Janjaweed

15. Rebel Groups SLM, JEM, SLA SLM = Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) SLM = Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) Used guerrilla tactics to fight government forces from Khartoum in the first civil war Used guerrilla tactics to fight government forces from Khartoum in the first civil war JEM=Justice and Equality Movement JEM=Justice and Equality Movement Islamist rebel group in Darfur region, which came to prominence in 2003 Islamist rebel group in Darfur region, which came to prominence in 2003 Demands greater political and economic rights for Darfuris in national government Demands greater political and economic rights for Darfuris in national government

16. Rebel Groups – con’t SLA = Sudan Liberation Army SLA = Sudan Liberation Army Darfuri rebel group founded in 2001 composed almost entirely of African Darfuris Darfuri rebel group founded in 2001 composed almost entirely of African Darfuris Target of the Sudanese military and the janjaweed after their attack on government sites in 2003 Target of the Sudanese military and the janjaweed after their attack on government sites in 2003 Seeks better treatment for Darfur from Sudanese government Seeks better treatment for Darfur from Sudanese government Several Rebel groups have broken off and formed splinter groups based on geographic regions. Several Rebel groups have broken off and formed splinter groups based on geographic regions.

17. Root of the Conflict British Colony British Colony NIF NIF SLA/M SLA/M JEM JEM Omar al-Bashir Omar al-Bashir Pictured Pictured Janjaweed Janjaweed

18. Omar Al-Bashir Came to power in 1989 in a military coup and President of Sudan since 1993 Indicted on charge of genocide by International Criminal Court in 2008 Banned political parties, eliminated the free press, and instituted Islamic law in the north of Sudan Has reportedly supported the Janjaweed and has made it difficult for humanitarian aid workers to enter the region Arrested media, humanitarian aid workers, etc. because of the threat of spying

19. 2003 Violence begins Side #1: an uprising by some of Sudan’s poorest people, the African rebels, who were demanding greater representation for their communities in the Arab- dominated national government; increased federal funding for Darfur’s schools, hospitals, and public services; and a share of Sudan’s oil revenue Side #1: an uprising by some of Sudan’s poorest people, the African rebels, who were demanding greater representation for their communities in the Arab- dominated national government; increased federal funding for Darfur’s schools, hospitals, and public services; and a share of Sudan’s oil revenue Side #2: a campaign by government-backed Arab militias, known collectively as the Janjaweed, to drive African farmers off fertile land, an increasingly scarce commodity in drought-ravaged Darfur Side #2: a campaign by government-backed Arab militias, known collectively as the Janjaweed, to drive African farmers off fertile land, an increasingly scarce commodity in drought-ravaged Darfur

20. SLA

21. SLM

24. Burned shops in an Abandoned Village between Geneina and Sisi

31. Cease-fire? Peace Agreements/Resolutions Peace Agreements/Resolutions DPA DPA Has this worked? Has this worked? UN Resolution 1706 UN Resolution 1706

32. Recent News The International Criminal Court indicted President Bashir on July 14, 2008, for genocide and issued an arrest warrant on March 4, 2009, for war crimes. The International Criminal Court indicted President Bashir on July 14, 2008, for genocide and issued an arrest warrant on March 4, 2009, for war crimes. While these moves were applauded by many Western leaders, they were strongly criticized by several Arab and African leaders and by humanitarian organizations afraid that provoking President Bashir would endanger their staff and jeopardize the peace deals. While these moves were applauded by many Western leaders, they were strongly criticized by several Arab and African leaders and by humanitarian organizations afraid that provoking President Bashir would endanger their staff and jeopardize the peace deals. Ruling was that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide. Ruling was that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide.

33. Recent News By the fall of 2009, no resolutions were solid enough to maintain the peace. By the fall of 2009, no resolutions were solid enough to maintain the peace. Conflict-related violence was dwindling in Darfur, however tribal clashes in the south were sharply intensifying. Conflict-related violence was dwindling in Darfur, however tribal clashes in the south were sharply intensifying. In 2009, tensions over planned national elections in 2010 rose and aid groups began the new year by warning that increased diplomacy was needed to keep the few peace accords from collapsing. In 2009, tensions over planned national elections in 2010 rose and aid groups began the new year by warning that increased diplomacy was needed to keep the few peace accords from collapsing.

34. Recent News “In April 2010, President Bashir secured an easy victory in Sudan’s first multiparty elections since 1986. Although the election was marred by opposition boycotts, fraud, and intimidation, the international community readily accepted its results “In April 2010, President Bashir secured an easy victory in Sudan’s first multiparty elections since 1986. Although the election was marred by opposition boycotts, fraud, and intimidation, the international community readily accepted its results World Conflicts World Conflicts

35. Global Implications World oil production Because there are significant oil reserves in and around Sudan, continued instability in Darfur could affect world oil production. The longer the Darfuri conflict goes on, the greater the chance that the UN will impose an embargo on Sudanese oil or that rebel groups in Darfur will try and sabotage oil pipelines. : Because there are significant oil reserves in and around Sudan, continued instability in Darfur could affect world oil production. The longer the Darfuri conflict goes on, the greater the chance that the UN will impose an embargo on Sudanese oil or that rebel groups in Darfur will try and sabotage oil pipelines. :

36. Interview with Omar Al-Bashir NBC's Ann Curry gets an exclusive interview with Sudan President Omar al-Bashir, and asks about the ongoing atrocities in Darfur. NBC's Ann Curry gets an exclusive interview with Sudan President Omar al-Bashir, and asks about the ongoing atrocities in Darfur. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17691868/ns/ nightly_news/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17691868/ns/ nightly_news/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17691868/ns/ nightly_news/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17691868/ns/ nightly_news/

37. South Sudan 54 th Country in Africa!

38. Separate State in Sudan After decades of fighting for independence from the north, southern Sudan seceded on July 9, 2011 and became the Republic of South Sudan. After decades of fighting for independence from the north, southern Sudan seceded on July 9, 2011 and became the Republic of South Sudan. South Sudan has become the world's newest nation, the climax of a process made possible by the 2005 peace deal that ended a long and bloody civil war. South Sudan has become the world's newest nation, the climax of a process made possible by the 2005 peace deal that ended a long and bloody civil war.

39. South Sudan in the Future Facts and figures: Population: 7.5-9.7 million Population: 7.5-9.7 million Size: 619,745 sq km (239,285 sq miles), larger than Spain and Portugal combined Size: 619,745 sq km (239,285 sq miles), larger than Spain and Portugal combined Major languages: English, Arabic (both official), Juba Arabic, Dinka Major languages: English, Arabic (both official), Juba Arabic, Dinka Religion: Traditional and a Christian minority Religion: Traditional and a Christian minority Main export: Oil Main export: Oil

40. South Sudan in the Future Challenges ahead: Challenges ahead: One of world's least developed countries: Worst maternal mortality rate; most children below 13 not in school; 84% of women are illiterate One of world's least developed countries: Worst maternal mortality rate; most children below 13 not in school; 84% of women are illiterate Relations with Sudan: Dividing debts and oil; border disputes; citizenship Relations with Sudan: Dividing debts and oil; border disputes; citizenship Security: At least seven active rebel groups Security: At least seven active rebel groups

41. South Sudan becomes an Independent state Video: South Sudan becomes an Independent state Video: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843

42. At midnight on Saturday, July 9, residents of Juba began celebrating the independence of South Sudan with singing, dancing, speeches and military parades.

43. After more than five decades of an underdog, guerrilla struggle and two million lives lost, the Republic of South Sudan became Africa’s 54th state.

44. Many of those who turned out to celebrate, overcome with emotion, spoke of their fathers, mothers, sons and daughters who were killed in the long struggle to break free from the Arab-dominated north.

45. Thousands of soldiers lined the freshly-painted curbs with tiger patches on their arms and assault rifles in their hands. The new nation is being built on a guerrilla army, the Sudan People’s Liberation Army, whose field commanders are now South Sudan’s political leaders.

46. “We have waited for more than 56 years for this," said South Sudan’s president, Salva Kiir, wearing a signature black cowboy hat given to him by Mr. Bush. “It is a dream that has come true.”

47. An American-backed treaty set the stage for a referendum in January in which 98.8 percent of southerners voted for independence. At 1:20 p.m. on Saturday, the southerners officially proclaimed their freedom.

48. Leaders from around the world cheered during the ceremonies. Among them was the president of Sudan, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, whose appearance was a surprise because he was indicted by the International Criminal Court on genocide charges over the massacres in Darfur.

49. Videos Obama’s Policy (2009) on Sudan Obama’s Policy (2009) on Sudan http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2009/ 10/20/dougherty.us.sudan.policy.cnn?iref=videosear ch http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2009/ 10/20/dougherty.us.sudan.policy.cnn?iref=videosear ch http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2009/ 10/20/dougherty.us.sudan.policy.cnn?iref=videosear ch http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2009/ 10/20/dougherty.us.sudan.policy.cnn?iref=videosear ch George Clooney visits Sudan as an United Nations activist George Clooney visits Sudan as an United Nations activist http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032619/ns/nightl y_news/#39622101 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032619/ns/nightl y_news/#39622101 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032619/ns/nightl y_news/#39622101 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032619/ns/nightl y_news/#39622101