1. By: Mohima Yeasmin

2. Ethnic Competition to dominate nationality Sub-Sahara Africa is a region that is especially plagued by conflict It’s between different ethnic groups competing to become dominant within various countries The horn of Africa and central Africa are two areas within Sub-Saharan Africa where conflicts between ethnic groups are harsh Countries in the horn of Africa are Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia as well as Sudan

3. How does Europe tie in? Europe used to be colonized in Africa and when they left the term “Nation State” didn’t really mean anything to them When they left they did not divide Africa into nation states and that caused problems because there were different ethnicities living in the same country and that caused a battle for dominance between ethnic groups

4. Ethiopia and Eritrea Was and Italian colony in 1890 Ethiopia, an independent country for more than 2,000 years was captured by Italy in the 1930’s Ethiopia regained independence after world war II The U.N. thought Ethiopia would give Eritrea authority to run it’s own affairs but Ethiopia dissolved the Eritrean legislature and Eritrea's major local language, Tigrinya The Eritrean’s rebelled which led to a 30 year fight for independence (1961-1991) During the war an estimated 665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to Sudan In 1991 Eritrean rebels defeated the Ethiopian army In 1993 Eritrea became and independent state In 1998 war between Ethiopia and Eritrea flared up again because of argument over location and border Ethiopia defeated Eritrea and took possession of the disputed areas Ethiopia remained a complex multi-ethnic state from the late 19 th century to the 1991’s Ethiopia was controlled by the Amharas who were Christians After the gov. defeat in the early 1990’s power passed to a combo. of ethnic groups

5. Sudan Population= 40,000 The civil war was in the 1980’s between the black Christian rebels in the south and animist rebels and Arab-Muslim dominated government in the south The black southerners are resisting what gov. attempts there are to convert the multi-ethnic society to one nationality tied to Muslim traditions Lots of segregation between men and women Where segregation can’t be put there are still laws/rules that separate the men from women 5% of the population more than 2 million Sudanese were killed in the civil war 1 million were forced to migrate from the south to the north or to Ethiopia Sudan blames Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Uganda for helping the Christian animist rebels Eritrea blames Sudan for undermining it’s gov.

6. Solmalia Composed of Sunni Muslims and speak solmani Solmani is a nation-state with national history and culture 8 million inhabitants 6 major ethnic groups(clans): North Isaak Darod Dir South Digil Hawiye Rahanwayn Until 1991 a Darod sub clan known as Mahareen ruled Somalia nut in 1991 rebels dominated by a the Hawiye took control over southern Solmalia, Isaak clan gained control of much of the north In the 1990’s Isaak clan declared the north as a separate state and adopted it’s own flag and currency called Somaliland During the colonial period what the Isaak’s called Somaliland was ruled by the British while the rest of Somalia was an Italian colony In 1992 3000,000 people mostly women and children died of famine from the warfare between the clans The U.S. sent 7,000 troops to Somalia

7. Lebanon Composed of 4 million people Lebanon has been damaged by fighting among religious groups since the 1970’s Maronite are Lebanon's most numerous Christian sect, accounting for 2/3 of the countries Christians Greek Orthodox are 1/6 of the countries christians The remaining 1/6 are Greek Orthodox, Armenian, Syrian, orthodox (Jacobites) and Chaldeans (Assyrian) 60% are Muslim, 30% are Christian, 10% are other 2/3 of Lebanon's Muslims belong to one of several shite sects 1/3 = Sunni Muslims Became independent in 1943 Civil war = 1975 Now most of Lebanon is controlled by Syria

8. Dividing Ethnicities in South Asia When the British ended their colonial rule in the Indian sub-continent they divided the country into 2 irregularly shaped countries India and Pakistan (east and west) Pakistan was two parts west Pakistan and east Pakistan which is not present day Bangladesh It became Bangladesh in 1971 The separation boundaries were based on ethnicity When east Pakistan wanted independece that led to a 9 month long war between the two countries but eventually east Pakistan won and became Bangladesh

9. Sri Lanka 20 million inhabitants Has been torn by fighting between the Sinhalese and the Tamils Sing the fighting began in 1983, 60,000 have died in the conflict between the two ethnicities Sinhalese comprise 74%of Sri Lanka’s population 300 year later the Sinhalese were converted to Buddhism and Sri Lanka became one of that religion's worlds centers Sinhalese is an Indo-European language Tamils are 18% of Sri Lanka’s population Tamils are Hindus and the Tamil language in the Dravidin family is also spoken by 70 million people in India The dispute between Sri Lanka’s two ethnicities extends back more tan 2,000 years Since independence in 1948, Sinhalese have dominated the government military and most of the commerce Tamils feel that they suffered discrimination at the hands of the Sinhalese dominated gov.

10. The Kurds And ex. of an ethnicity divided among several states the Kurds who live in the Caucasus south of the Armenians and Azeris The Kurds are Sunni Muslims who speak a language in the Iranian group The Kurds lived in an independent nation-state called Kurdistan during the 1920’s, but today 25 million Kurds are split among six countries 15 million live in eastern Turkey 5 million live in western Iran 4 million live in northern Iraq Smaller numbers in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Syria Basically when the borders were re-drawn the Kurds never were really granted their own country so now they live in various parts of the Caucasus region