1. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate Outline: 1.The Demand for Money 2.The Equilibrium Interest Rate 3.Monetary Policy

2. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | The Demand for Money | Why people demand for money?? Transaction Motive (Lt)- Money, as a medium of exchange is demanded in order to carry out day to day transaction (daily expenditure) Precautionary motive - Money demanded in case of unforeseen circumstances which my require cash balances. Speculative Motive (Ls)- One reason for holding bonds instead of money: Investors may want to hold bonds when interest rates are high with the hope of selling them when interest rates fall.

3. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | The Demand for Money |

4. Total Demand for Money: Lt = money demand for transaction motive + money demand for precautionary motive. Lt = f(Y), and Lt ≠ f(r) Ls = money demand for speculative motive. Ls = f(r) Total demand for money (Md) = Lt + Ls Ls : bonds price is inversely related to the interest rate. When the interest rates are high (bonds price are low) – public would find it attractive to hold bonds. When interest rates fall, the bonds will increase in price. Thus, when interest rates are low, it is a good time to be holding money and not bond. Lt r Money, M LsMd r1 r0r0 Money, M

5. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | Demand for Money: The Demand Curve for Money Balances| Money, M r, % The quantity of money demanded (the amount of money households and firms want to hold) is a function of the interest rate. The total quantity of money demanded in the economy is the sum of the demand for checking account balances and cash by both households and firms. For both households and firms, the quantity of money demanded at any moment depends on the opportunity cost of holding money, a cost determined by the interest rate. Mdr r Increases (decreases) in the interest rate reduce (increase) the quantity of money that firms and households want to hold.

6. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | Demand for Money: The Effects of Y and Price Level on Md | An Increase in Aggregate Output (Income) (Y) Will Shift the Money Demand Curve to the Right An increase in Y means that there is more economic activity. Firms are producing and selling more, and households are earning more income and buying more. There are more transactions, for which money is needed. As a result, both firms and households are likely to increase their holdings of money balances at a given interest rate.

7. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | Demand for Money: The Determinants| The interest rate: r (The quantity of money demanded is a negative function of the interest rate.) The dollar volume of transactions a.Aggregate output (income): Y (An increase in Y shifts the money demand curve to the right.) b.The price level: P (An increase in P shifts the money demand curve to the right.)

8. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | The Equilibrium Interest Rate| How is the interest rate determined in the economy? The Equilibrium Interest Rate: The point at which the quantity of money demanded equals the quantity of money supplied determines the equilibrium interest rate in the economy.

9. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | The Equilibrium Interest Rate| Equilibrium exists in the money market when the supply of money is equal to the demand for money and thus when the supply of bonds is equal to the demand for bonds. At r 0 the price of bonds would be bid up (and thus the interest rate down), and at r 1 the price of bonds would be bid down (and thus the interest rate up). Supply and Demand of Money Market Adjustments in the Money Market

10. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | The Equilibrium Interest Rate| The Effect of an Increase in the Supply of Money on the Interest Rate An increase in the supply of money from Ms0 to Ms1 lowers the rate of interest from 7 percent to 4 percent. Changing the Money Supply to Affect the Interest Rate

11. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | The Equilibrium Interest Rate| Increases in Y and Shifts in the Money Demand Curve An increase in aggregate output (income) shifts the money demand curve to the right from Mdo to Md1, which raises the equilibrium interest rate from 4 percent to 7 percent (e0 to e1). An increase in price level, P also shifts the money demand curve to the right (from Mdo to Md1). The Effect of an Increase in aggregate output (Income), Y or price level (P) on the Interest Rate e0 e1

12. The Money Demand & Equilibrium Interest Rate | Federal Policies in Stabilizing Money Market| Contractionary monetary policy: Fed policies that contract the money supply and thus raise interest rates in an effort to restrain the economy. Expansioanary monetary policy: Fed policies that expand the money supply and thus lower interest rates in an effort to stimulate the economy. Md M S0 M S1 r0r0 r1r1 MS1MS1 M S0 Md r0r0 r1r1 Interest rate, r Money, M