1. Fragments and Run-on sentences
Basmah & 最暖WB (Ray).

2. Fragments What does the “Fragments” mean in English grammar?
A fragment is only a piece of a complete thought that has been punctuated like a sentence.
Three Kinds of Fragments:
1)Phrases
2）Dependent Clauses
3）Any Incomplete Word Group

3. Examples of fragments
Phrases: Ann walked all alone. To the store. Walking to the store. She saw a car accident. Dependent Clauses: Because his car was in the shop(What did he do?) After the rain stops (What then?) When you finally take the test (What will happen?) Since you asked (Will you get the answer?) If you want to go with me (What should you do?)

4. How to Correct A Fragment?
Example Fragment: Ann walked all alone. To the store. Corrected: Ann walked all alone to the store. Remember the basics: subject, verb, and complete thought. If you can recognize those things, you’re halfway there. Then, scan your sentences for subordinating conjunctions. If you find one, first identify the whole chunk of the dependent clause (the subject and verb that go with the subordinator), and then make sure they’re attached to an independent clause.

5. Three Common Ways to Fix the Fragments
Removing words to make a complete sentence
Adding words to make a complete sentence
Connecting two fragments to make a complete sentence
Connecting two fragments is a special one more complicated than the other two, because it needs to recognize the subordinating conjunctions.

6. Subordinating Conjunctions
The thoughts of these fragments are incomplete because of the subordinating conjunctions. What is subordinating conjunctions？ Example: Because, After, When, Since, If Functions: 1)join two sentences together 2)make one of the sentences dependent on the other for a complete thought (make one a dependent clause) 3)indicate a logical relationship

7. Recognizing of the Subordinating Conjunctions
Cause / Effect: because, since, so that
Comparison / Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas, while
Place & Manner: how, however, where, wherever
Possibility / Conditions: if, whether, unless
Relation: that, which, who
Time: after, as, before, since, when, whenever, while, until

8. The subordinating conjunction (and the whole dependent clause) doesn’t have to be at the beginning of the sentence. The dependent clause and the independent clause can switch places, but the whole clause moves as one big chunk.

9. Try to Correct A Fragment By Yourself
Exercises 1）Because she exercises regularly. She is in excellent condition. 2）Walking to the store. She saw a car accident. 3）John took the bus. Because his car was in the shop.

10. Key of the Exercises
1） She exercises regularly. She is in excellent condition.（ remove words ） & She feels great because she exercises regularly. She is in excellent condition.（add words） 2）Walking to the store, she saw a car accident.（connecting） 3）John took the bus because his car was in the shop.

11. More Exercises for the Quiz
Purdue offers many majors in engineering. Such as electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering.
Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking off the field in the middle of a game. Leaving her team at a time when we needed her.
I need to find a new roommate. Because the one I have now isn't working out too well.
The current city policy on housing is incomplete as it stands. Which is why we believe the proposed amendments should be passed.

12. More Exercises for the Quiz
Purdue offers many majors in engineering. Such as electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering.
Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking off the field in the middle of a game. Leaving her team at a time when we needed her.
I need to find a new roommate. Because the one I have now isn't working out too well.
The current city policy on housing is incomplete as it stands. Which is why we believe the proposed amendments should be passed.

13. The Website to Find the Key at Home
There are more methods and orientations for fixing the fragments on this website
Practice More!

14. What is a complete sentence?
Run-On Sentences
What is a complete sentence?
1.a subject (the actor in the sentence). 2. a predicate (the verb or action). 3. a complete thought (it can stand alone and make sense—it’s independent).

15. Examples
Some sentences can be very short, with only two or three words expressing a complete thought, like this:
John waited.
It can be expanded to contain a lot more information, like this:
John waited for the bus all morning.
John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday.
Wishing he’d brought his umbrella, John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday.

16. Run-On Sentences A run-on sentence :
is a sentence with at least two independent clauses (complete thoughts) which are forced together instead of being properly connected.
Example:
We have test we have studied hard.
She is beautiful she is consumed with her self.
We are all humans we have the same locus.

17. How to fix RO To correct these sentences, you have several options:
1) Separate clauses using punctuation.
2) Separate clauses using a conjunction.
3) Rearrange the sentence (you may add or remove words).

18. Correcting
Joe was happy about the raise he felt like celebrating. (fused sentence)
Joe was happy about the raise. He felt like celebrating.
Joe was happy about the raise, he felt like celebrating. (comma splice)
Joe was happy about the raise, so he felt like celebrating.
Joe was happy about the raise he felt like celebrating.
Joe was happy about the raise; he felt like celebrating.
Because Joe was happy about the raise, he felt like celebrating.
Joe, who was happy about the raise, felt like celebrating.

19. Examples Run-on sentence:
He put on sunscreen, the sun was extremely hot, and he wanted to go inside.
“He put on sunscreen”  1st clause
“the sun was extremely hot”  2nd clause
“he wanted to go inside”  3rd clause
Corrected sentence: use the three ways
He put on sunscreen because the sun was extremely hot. He wanted to go inside.

20. How to recognize run-on
As you can see, fixing run-ons is easy once you see them—but how do you find out if a sentence is a run-on if you aren’t sure?
Turn them into yes/no questions.
Turn them into tag questions

21. Finding RO My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus.
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn’t it?
Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus?
Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus? Is it very garlicky?

22. My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn’t it?
but not:
Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus is it very garlicky?
It can be:

23. My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn’t it?
But never:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky, isn’t it?

24. Note
Just because a sentence is long does not necessarily mean it is a run-on. Some long sentences are grammatically correct, while some short sentences are run-ons.
E.g. I like learning English it makes me tired.