1. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (CWW BREF) Aivi Sissa Tallinn – Estonia 27 – 28 March 2007

2. 2 Introduction It was finalised late 2001 Developed to apply to the chemical industry...contains valuable information for other sectors It is a horizontal BREF

3. Borderline between vertical and horizontal chemical BREFs Waste water example Chemical reaction Work-up Product isolation Recovery Product PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION CONTROLCONTROL Recipient Waste water VERTICAL CHEMICAL BREFs CWW BREF Waste water treatment

4. 4 Chemical industry The chemical industry covers a wide range of enterprises: One-process-few-products enterprises with one or just a few waste water/waste gas streams Multi-production-mix enterprises with many complex waste water/waste gas streams

5. 5 Vertical chemical BREFs Chlor-alkali (CAK) Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers (LVIC-AAF) Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Solid and Others (LVIC-S) Large Volume Organic Chemicals (LVOC) Polymers (POL) Speciality Inorganic Chemicals (SIC) Organic Fine Chemicals (OFC)

6. 6 Scope Environmental management techniques Generally applicable process-integrated measures (i.e. applicable with an identical purpose in distinct production processes) End-of-pipe treatment applied on chemical sites to WW, WG and waste water sludge

7. 7 Structure of the document CH1: General description CH2: Waste water/waste gas management CH3: Applied treatment technology CH4: Best available techniques CH5: Emerging techniques CH6: Concluding remarks

8. 8 Best available techniques

9. 9 BAT – horizontal approach The options for emissions prevention/control are assessed independently of the particular production process(es) BAT embrace the most effective and suitable measures for achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole against emissions BAT are determined more broadly and include more than just technology

10. 10 Implementation of BAT Implementation of BAT in existing installations: –BAT can be integrated when major alterations are planned –BAT can be implemented in a step-by-step construction programme over a period of time Implementation of BAT in new plants is not normally a problem

11. 11 General BAT

12. 12 Waste water/waste gas management General Environmental Management proper and consistent execution of a recognised EMS use of management tools

13. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MANAGEMENT TOOLS Operational management tools Inventory management tools Strategic management tools Safety and emergency tools Site inventory Stream inventory WG emission qualification Reduction of water usage and discharge WEA EMFA Monitoring Internal targets Choice of treatment options WW/WG control systems Choice of collection system Implementation of control option Quality control Risk assessment Bench marking LCA Pollution incident response Fire fighting Management techniques

14. 14 Process-integrated measures General need for prevention/reduction of the amount of WW and WG and/or contamination within a production line These are generally production- or process- specific and their applicability requires special assessment

15. 15 Waste water/waste gas collection Ducting and segregating waste water streams to their appropriate treatment system Routing waste gases to treatment systems. These are emission source enclosure, vents and pipes BAT for process-integrated measures

16. 16 BAT for waste water treatment

17. 17 Waste water – key issues Emissions to water can arise from, e.g., chemical synthesis, WGT (wet scrubbers) and rain water from contaminated areas The majority of process water (70 – 90%) has a low pollution load (e.g. cleaning water, vacuum, exhaust air clean-up, pumps) The remaining (10 – 30%) contains up to 90% of the pollution load

18. 18 WW techniques that fit into the scope WASTE WATER TECHNIQUES Process- integrated measures End-of-pipe treatment Individual treatment Central treatment RECIPIENT PretreatmentFinal treatment

19. 19 BAT for waste water treatment Four different strategies: –central final treatment in a biological WWTP on site –central final treatment in a municipal WWTP –central final treatment of inorganic waste water in a chemical/mechanical WWTP –decentralised treatment(s) All four strategies are considered as BAT when properly applied to the actual waste water situation The approach to reaching specific BAT conclusions follows the pathway of pollutants

20. Organic Inorganic ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES (non biodegradable) Oxidation Reduction Hydrolysis Air oxidation Incineration RECOVERY TECHNIQUES NF / RO Adsorption Extraction/Distillation Evaporation Stripping/gas treatment Uncontaminated (e.g. rainwater) Heavy metals Free oil Hydrocarbons Salts and/or acids ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES (biodegradable) Biological treatment Pollutants unsuitable for biological treatment Waste water sewerage system Biodegradable substances Waste water Refractory or toxic organic Contaminated Receiving water

21. 21 BAT AELs for the final discharge into receiving water Parameter Performance rates (%) Emission levels (mg/l) TSS10 – 20 COD76 – 9630 – 250 Total inorganic N5 – 25 Total P0.5 – 1.5 Heavy metalsNo decision – split view AOXNo decision – split view

22. 22 BAT for waste gas treatment

23. 23 Waste gas – key issues Only rarely can waste gas streams with different characteristics be treated simultaneously Waste gas streams can roughly be divided into ducted and non-ducted (diffuse, fugitive) emissions The flow rate to be treated is a major parameter in the selection of abatement options Recovery techniques are generally used for valuable products

24. 24 WG techniques that fit into the scope WASTE GAS TECHNIQUES Ducted emissions Process- integrated measures End-of-pipe treatment Fugitive and diffuse emissions Capture Individual treatment Central treatment Group treatment STACK

25. 25 low temperature sources high temperature sources BAT for waste gas treatment The approach to reaching specific BAT conclusions follows the pathway of pollutants According to treatment, the sources for waste gases are distinguished as:

26. Decision pathway for WGT: basis for BAT conclusions Low temperature: production, handling and work-up gases High temperature: Combustion gases Inorganic volatiles Dust NO x SO x HCl, HF Substance recovery Energy recovery Recovery techniques Membrane separation Condensation Adsorption Wet scrubbers Separators Cyclones Electrostatic precipitators Fabric filters Abatement techniques Biofiltration Bioscrubbing Biotrickling Oxidation (thermal and catalytic) Flaring Separators Cyclones Electrostatic precipitators Filtration Sorption SNCR / SCR VOC

27. 27 BAT AELs for waste gas treatment Low-temperatures waste gases There are no BAT AELs for low-temperature waste gases in the CWW BREF. These are reported in the corresponding vertical BREFs However, the BAT chapter of the CWW BREF reports performance levels related to the application of techniques

28. 28 BAT AELs for waste gas treatment High temperature waste gases Parameter Emission levels (mg/Nm 3) Dust<5 – 15 HCl<10 HF<1 SO 2 <40 – 150 NO x (gas boilers/heaters)20 – 150 NO x (liquid boilers/heaters)55 – 300 NH 3 4 <5 Dioxins0.1 ng/Nm TEQ

29. 29 Emerging techniques Techniques not yet applied on a commercial basis or outside pilot plant operation. These could be applicable in the future at large scale operation Assessment needed during the review of the BREF

30. 30 Concluding remarks High level of consensus achieved There is a lack of information on: –performance data in combination with operational data (e.g. cross-media and energy issues) –costs

31. 31 Revision of the CWW BREF Planned to start late 2007/early 2008 Currently preparing a comparative analysis of the first series of chemical BREFs: –to set guidelines/recommendations which will help the Technical Working Group (TWG) with the preparation of the review of the CWW BREF as well as during the review process

32. 32 QUESTIONS?