2. Coconut Methyl Ester (CME) Technology Rey Crisanto P.Hizon Energy Engineering & Management Department, Integrated Research and Center, Technological University of the Philippines Focused Group Discussion on the Clean Cities Program a joint undertaking of the Philippine Department of Energy and the United States Department of Energy and United States Agency for International Development, January 29, 2004. Bagiuo City Multi-Purpose Hall.

3. WHAT IS COCONUT METHYL ESTER? Coconut Methyl Ester (CME) is a coconut oil derived ester, with the carbon chain from C8 to C18. It has a lubricity, solvency and detergency properties. With its density, kinematic viscosity and other properties similar to diesel fuel. CME can be used as a pure fuel or as a Petrodiesel enhancer/additive in any proportion without engine modification.

4. WHAT IS COCONUT BIODIESEL? Coconut Biodiesel (CB) is a blend of diesel fuel and CME at a certain proportion by volume. Biodiesel in other counties like the US, Germany and other Euro counties their biodiesel is a mixture of diesel fuel and ester derived either from corn, soya, sun flower, rapeseed oil. They use of 5% to 20% blend on their diesel fuel. PLANT OILC8C10C12C14C16C18C20C22 COCONUT77491791100 PALM KERNEL35491781800 PALM0004405800 CORN0001108900 SUNFLOWER000069400 SOYBEAM0000108300 RAPESEED0000342550 MUSTARD0000362350 CARBON CHAIN DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT OIL (% by Weight)

5. Chemical and Physical Requirements

6. STUDY CONDUCTED AT THE NIHON UNIVERSITY, JAPAN Determined the engine performance and emission of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine (yanmar). Blends of 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% Coconut Methyl Ester to low sulfur diesel (Japan diesel 0.03% sulfur). Test results have shown that an average of 20% NO x reduction, and 70% reduction of of particulate matter.

12. UTILIZATION OF COCONUT METHYL ESTER (CME) AS PETROLEUM DIESEL FUEL (PDF) QUALITY ENHANCER PILOT R&D PROJECT FOR THE PCA/DA VEHICLES Project Leader: ROBERTO C. ABLES Philippine Coconut Authority Study Leaders: –Chemical Aspects RICARDO S. INFANTE Department of Energy –Mechanical Eng’g. Aspects FELIPE M. ARGAMOSA Tech. University of the Phils. –Consumer/Market Aspects REY CRISANTO P. HIZON Tech. University of the Phils.

13. REDUCTION OF SMOKE EMISSION AFTER USING 1% OF CME INTO PETRODIESEL Road Run Kilometer (km) Opacity or “k” Reading (m -1 ) Equivalent Diesel Particulate (PPM) Remarks 04.18696.67 CB-02, w/o proper maintenance 02.32386.67 PDF/Replace defected injection nozzle 2000.81135.00 CB-01 1,4001.24206.67 CB-01 3,9001.03171.67 CB-01/ Cleaned the tailed pipe before testing 5,0330.4371.67 CB-01/ Cleaned the tailed pipe before testing 15,6630.3558.33 CB-01 16,9280.2440.00 CB-01

14. EFFECTS OF CME ON THE ENGINE After using 1% CME Before using CME After using 1% CME Before using CME After using 1% CME

15. California Buses Opacity Test Results Date Trial k value with 1% CME Road Run Kilomet er (km) K value Without CME 554680681600686 NYK 938 NYK 570 NYR 246 NYE 650 NXZ 780 24-Jul-03 11.982.160.2800.543.03 31-Jul-03 21.021.970.799001.600.74 7-Aug-03 31.251.791.8918002.651.86 14-Aug- 03 40.611.480.1927001.900.51 21-Aug- 03 50.420.490.2636001.050.43 28-Aug- 03 60.490.440.3945001.531.88

16. COST BENEFITS USING CME Average increase of 1 to 2 kilometers for every liter of diesel consumed. Translates into savings of P 0.916 to P 2.85 for every liter of diesel fuel.

17. Health and Environment Benefits BIODIESEL is a renewable fuel that can be used in unmodified diesel engines. It is safe, biodegradable and reduces serious air pollutants such as soot, particulates, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and air toxics. It contains no aromatics or sulfur. It simply means quality emission and cleaner air to breath.

18. Health Effects (Typical Constituents Along Roadways) Criteria Pollutants COCNS, heart impairment; affects heart patients at 10 ppm. PbCNS/Brain damage; cognitive impairment at 2 ug/m3. PMLung constriction; affects asthmatics at low concentrations. NOx Emphysema-like symptoms; affects lung function at 100 ppb. SOxIrritates respiratory system; lung/throat irritation at 6 ppm. Air Toxics BenzeneLeukemia, plus noncancer effects. TolueneLiver lesions, reduced kidney weight; RfC at 400 ug/m3. 1,3-ButadieneLymphoma, leukemia, plus noncancer effects. XylenesImpaired motor coordination at 100 ug/m3. Chromium (VI)Lung cancer, plus noncancer effects. reference: http://www.epa.gov/iris/

19. Health Effects (Typical Constituents Along Roadways) Criteria Pollutants COCNS, heart impairment; affects heart patients at 10 ppm. PbCNS/Brain damage; cognitive impairment at 2 ug/m3. PMLung constriction; affects asthmatics at low concentrations. NOx Emphysema-like symptoms; affects lung function at 100 ppb. SOxIrritates respiratory system; lung/throat irritation at 6 ppm. Air Toxics BenzeneLeukemia, plus noncancer effects. TolueneLiver lesions, reduced kidney weight; RfC at 400 ug/m3. 1,3-ButadieneLymphoma, leukemia, plus noncancer effects. XylenesImpaired motor coordination at 100 ug/m3. Chromium (VI)Lung cancer, plus noncancer effects. reference: http://www.epa.gov/iris/

20. Technical benefits Using BIODIESEL actually extends the life of your diesel engine because of superior lubricating and cleaning properties. And since it is oxygenated (11% by weight), results is an almost perfect combustion and means lesser emission compared to pure diesel fuel.

21. Economic benefits It will stabilize the domestic price of copra and will encourage the coconut farmers to increase their production. Increase in production of copra means, upliftment in the life of the coconut farmers.

22. Maraming Salamat Po! It’s our best food forward!