1. Industrial and Organizational Psychology Introduction to the World of Work
Copyright Paul E. Spector, All rights reserved, March 15, 2005

2. WHAT IS I/O PSYCHOLOGY? Psychology is the science of human behavior
I/O psychology is the science of human behavior at work
Dual focus
Efficiency/productivity of organizations
Health/well-being of employees
Dual nature
Application of the science of psychology to the workplace
Development/discovery of scientific psychological principles at work

3. SPECIFIC AREAS OF CONCERN
Recruiting and selecting employees for jobs
Training employees
Assessing performance
Defining and analyzing jobs
Determining people feel about work
Determining why people act as they do at work
Effects work has on people
Effects people have on one another
How organizations are structured and function
Designing work
Designing tools and equipment
Employee Health and Safety

4. I/O AS A PROFESSION Graduate degree necessary (MA or Ph.D.)
Content of graduate training
Basic psychology
Research methods (heavy emphasis)
I/O content
Thesis, Dissertation
Qualifying exam
Internship, practica
Entry requirements very competitive
SIOP website for most US programs (
Employment
Little or no unemployment
Academic and nonacademic market strong
Field expanding and becoming popular

5. Percentage of I/O Psychologists Who Work in Various Settings in 1960 and 2001
Consulting firms
32%
28%
Government 7%
11%
Private companies
15%
35%
Universities
38%
26%
Other 8%
Note: Trend away from private companies in favor of consulting firms and academia.

6. Mean Salaries of I/O Psychologists in the US in 2000
Mean Salaries of I/O Psychologists in the US in 2000
M.A.
$67,000
Ph.D.
$90,000
Top 10%
$200,000 or more
Professors
$73,000
Companies
$100,000
New Ph.D.
$60,000
Men
$93,000
Women
$77,000
Note: Gender difference mostly accounted for by women being more likely to be M.A. level and being younger. Source: Katkowski, D. A., & Medsker, G. J. (2001).

7. I/O PSYCHOLOGY AROUND THE WORLD
At one time I/O was almost entirely American
I/O interest has exploded over the past years and accelerating
American consulting firms have become international, reflected in names
DDI--Developmental Decisions Inc. to International
PDI--Personnel Decisions Inc. to International
Number of graduate programs increasing rapidly around the world

8. Countries With the Most I/O Graduate Programs
Country
Number of programs
U.S.
124
France 4
Germany 11
New Zealand
Australia 7
Spain
Canada
Turkey
England
Korea 3
Belgium 5
Nigeria
China
Puerto Rico
Netherlands

9. The Most Popular I/O Research Topics in Eight Countries
Country
Topics
Canada
Career development, Employee selection, job stress, leadership 
England
Employee selection, gender, job stress, leadership, turnover
Germany
Job Stress, motivation, training, work environment 
India
Job satisfaction, job stress, motivation, organizational level 
Israel
Career development, job satisfaction, motivation, performance appraisal, values 
Japan
Career development, job stress, leadership, motivation 
Scandinavia
Gender, job stress, shift work, unemployment 
United States
Career development, employee selection, leadership, performance appraisal 
Note: From Erez, M. (1994). Tow

10. History of I/O Began early 1900s World War I first mass testing
Between wars psychology helping business: I side
Hawthorne studies impact of social aspects: O side
World War II: Psychology and the war effort
Civil rights movement: Job relevance
Technological change

11. Leading Historical Figures
Hugo Münsterberg: Psychology and Industrial Efficiency
Walter Dill Scott: The Theory of Advertising
Frederick Winslow Taylor: Scientific Management
Robert Yerkes: Army Alpha and Beta tests
Lillian Gilbreth: Time and motion; Human factors
Bruce V. Moore: First I/O PhD?
Roethlisberger & Dickson: Hawthorne Studies

12. Timeline of Major Events

13. Prospects for I/O Field
Rapidly growing
New areas/topics
Attracting more graduate students
More graduate programs
More psychologists in the world
Job market strong: Academic and applied
Area of psychology making an impact on the world
Relevant to anyone who works
Interdisciplinary connections
Business, engineering, health fields, other areas of psychology