1. Local Government and The Army Alexander II’s Reforms

2. The Zemstvo’s - Zemstvo (local government established as part of reforms) - Dealt with education, medical relief, public welfare, food supply, and road maintenance in localities - Created by Tsar in hopes of winning over liberals

3. - Members appointed according to value of land - Representation divided into three categories: Landowners, townspeople and peasants. http://bibliophilierusse.blogspirit.com/photos/medium_inv%20zemgor%20009.jpg

4. Crimean War - Armored conflict between Russia and the West - Sparked on by the Russian invasion of the Ottoman empire (1853) - Both sides suffered huge losses (Est. 800 000 people died) - Russia’s defeat was a display of its backwardness

5. http://www.john-leech-archive.org.uk/images/crimean-war-11.jpg

6. How Reforms Have Been Made - 1874 finalization of reforms -Dimitrij Milyutin - Reforms included: - Obligatory military service for all young men, no matter their social class - Shortened service term (6 years instead of 25)

7. We can argue that reforming the army could have been influenced by the need of better military service after losing the war, but is that the only factor? How do you think, the tsar used the freedom of the peasants to create a stronger army without them realizing it?

8. Works Cited “Alexander II.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011. Web. 25 Sept. 2011.. Borrero, Mauricio. “Great Reforms.” Modern World History Online. N.p., 2004. Web. 25 Sept. 2011.. Facts On File, Inc. “Crimean War.” Rev. of Encyclopedia of Ottoman Empire, by Andrew Robarts. Modern World History Online. Ed. Ágoston, Gábor, and Bruce Master. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2009-2011. Web. 25 Sept. 2011.. Kort, Michael. Modern World History Online. N.p., 2008. Web. 25 Sept. 2011.. Palmer, R. R., Joel Colton, and Lloyd Kramer. A History of the Modern World. 10th ed. N.p.: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Print. Smitha, Frank E. “Imperial Russia, 1856-1903.” Macrohistory and World Report. Frank E. Smitha, 2003-2011. Web. 25 Sept. 2011.. Articles From the NY times archives (Didn’t specify author) http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F10B13F83D5E1A738DDDA90994DA405B8484F0D3 http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F00A16FC3C5912738DDDA10994DC405B858CF1D3