1. Lindsay Haney

2. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/resources/multimedia.html

3. Overview  How Obesity is Measured  Definition of Obesity  Prevalence of Obesity  Bodily Systems Impaired  Health Implications  Scientific Research

4. How Obesity is Measured  Body Mass Index (BMI) Weight and height Indicates body fatness  Weight Status Age-specific percentile Sex-specific percentile http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/data.html

5. Definition of Obesity  Obesity BMI at or above the 95 th percentile  Overweight BMI at or above the 85 th percentile http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/basics.html

6. Prevalence of Obesity  United States 16.9% 12.5 million 2 -19 years old Ogden, 2010

7. Trends in Obesity Ogden, 2010

8. Girls 12 – 19 years Ogden, 2010

9. Boys 12 – 19 years Ogden, 2010

10. Trends in Obesity  Prevalence is Increasing  Mexican-American Adolescent Boys  Non-Hispanic Black Adolescent Girls Ogden, 2010

11. Health Risks

12. Body Systems  Cardiovascular  Endocrine  Pulmonary  Skeletal  Gastrointestinal  Hepatic

13. Cardiovascular System  Heart  Blood Vessels

14. Cardiovascular Problems  Atherosclerosis  Hypertension  Dyslipidemia  Insulin Resistance

15. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Excess Adiposity Among Overweight Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study  Test BMI Accuracy Excess Adiposity CVD Risks Adult Obesity Risks  CVD Risks: High Triglycerides Low HDL High LDL Fasting Insulin Systolic BP Diastolic BP Freedman, 2007

16. Results Freedman, 2007

17. Results Freedman, 2007

18. Association Between Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Children and Young Adults  Influence of CVD Risk Factors Atherosclerosis ○ Aorta ○ Coronary Arteries Berenson, 1998

19. Findings  Elevations Related to Atherosclerosis: BMI Systolic BP Serum LDL Serum TG Berenson, 1998

20. Results Berenson, 1998

21. Results Berenson, 1998

22. Results Berenson, 1998

23. Implications:  Increased BMI = CVD Risks  CVD Risks = Atherosclerosis  May Cause: Heart Attack Stroke Death

24. Endocrine System  Hypothalamus  Pituitary  Thyroid  Adrenal Gland  Pancreas  Ovaries  Testes

25. Type 2 Diabetes  Adult Diabetes?  Insulin Resistance  High Blood Sugar  Long-term Effects: Vision Impairment Nerve Damage High Blood Pressure High Cholesterol Kidney Damage http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001356/

26. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study  Prevalence: 3700 Children Newly Diagnosed/ Year 15 -19 year old adolescents American Indian Rodreguez, 2006

27. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Rodreguez, 2006

28. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome  Excess Androgen Clinical Manifestations: ○ Acne ○ Hair growth ○ Elevated androgen levels ○ Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound  Risks: Infertility Type 2 Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease

29. Metabolic Syndrome http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004546/

30. Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood  Increased Risk: Large for Gestational Age Maternal Obesity Gestational Diabetes  Prevalence Increasing Boney, 2005; Weiss, 2004

31. Pulmonary System  Lungs  Associated Blood Vessels

32. Breathing Problems  Asthma  Obstructive Sleep Apnea Learning Memory Vocabulary Rhodes, 1995; Gilliand, 2003

33.  Bones  Joints Skeletal System

34. Orthopedic Complications  Fractures  Musculoskeletal discomfort  Impaired Mobility  Lower extremity malalignment Taylor, 2006

35. Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System  Esophagus  Stomach  Pancreas  Small Intestine  Large Intestine  Liver

36. GI and Liver Problems  Nonalcholic Fatty Liver Disease  Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis  Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

37. Questions