1. Tsunamis!!

2. Tsunami Tsunami – Japanese word that means “harbor wave”

3. What is a tsunami? A tsunami is a seismic sea wave caused by sudden displacement of water in the ocean Can be caused by – – earthquakes – submarine landslides – volcanic eruption A tsunami has nothing to do with tides or with waves formed by storm winds!

4. When earthquakes, landslides or volcanoes displace the seafloor, they generate a pulse of energy up and away from the displacement that forms waves propagating outward in all directions like ripples in a pond These waves have long wavelengths and low amplitudes, so they only cause a small swell in the open ocean and are usually difficult to detect by boats at sea

5. But……… As the waves approach shallower water and land, the sea floor disrupts the motion of the wave, which has a deep wave base. The swells pile up near the coast and rise out of the ocean, forming enormous waves, much larger than those formed by any storm surge or surface disturbance Tsunami waves look like regular waves, but MUCH LARGER!

6. How are tsunami waves different than regular waves? The energy of the tsunami does not end in the normal surf zone. The water rushes far in land, sweeping through towns and leveling buildings with its enormous power!

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9. Generation of Tsunamis Generated by earthquakes in marine and coastal regions Major tsunamis are produced by large earthquakes (>7 magnitude on Richter scale) Shallow Focus earthquakes (<30 km depth in Earth) Usually associated with movement of oceanic and continental plates (subduction!) Frequently in Pacific

10. Tsunamis race across the sea at up to 500 miles (805 kilometers) an hour—about as fast as a jet airplane. At that pace they can cross the entire expanse of the Pacific Ocean in less than a day. And their long wavelengths mean they lose very little energy along the way. In deep ocean, tsunami waves may appear only a foot or so high. But as they approach shoreline and enter shallower water they slow down and begin to grow in energy and height.

11. A tsunami’s trough, the low point beneath the wave’s crest, often reaches shore first. When it does, it produces a vacuum effect that sucks coastal water towards the sea and exposes harbor and sea floors. This retreating of sea water is an important warning sign of a tsunami, because the wave’s crest and its enormous volume of water typically hit shore five minutes or so later. Recognizing this phenomenon can save lives.

12. A tsunami is usually composed of a series of waves, called a wave train, so its destructive force may be compounded as successive waves reach shore. People experiencing a tsunami should remember that the danger may not have passed with the first wave and should await official word that it is safe to return to vulnerable locations

13. Some tsunamis do not appear on shore as massive breaking waves but instead resemble a quickly surging tide that inundates coastal areas. The best defense against any tsunami is early warning that allows people to seek higher ground. The Pacific Tsunami Warning System, a coalition of 26 nations headquartered in Hawaii, maintains a web of seismic equipment and water level gauges to identify tsunamis at sea. Similar systems are proposed to protect coastal areas worldwide.

17. For you to do : Research a tsunami Describe where and when it took place State the name and type of boundary it was near Was there any warning? Did it follow an earthquake, volcano, landslide, etc? Effects – damage, injury, lives lost, socioeconomic issues Recovery/relief effort At least 2 sources Pictures and video clips