2. Anatomy and Physiology  Organs Thymus gland Bone marrow Lymph nodes Spleen Liver Tonsils 2

3. Anatomy and Physiology  Types of Immunity Active natural Active artificial Passive natural Passive artificial 3

4. Common Signs and Symptoms  Symptoms varied and related to factors such as: Immunodeficiency - lack of immunity Autoimmune - immunity against self Isoimmune - immunity against other humans 4

5. Diagnostic Testing  Skin tests  Desensitization  Blood count  Coombs’ test  ANA, RF 5

6. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Allergies Examples - hay fever, asthma Common reactions - urticaria and contact dermatitis 6

7. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Allergies Symptoms: ○ Elevated eosinophil count ○ Redness, heat, swelling, itching ○ Runny nose, cough, sneezing, wheezing, nasal congestion 7

8. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Hay fever Reaction in mucous membranes of nose and upper respiratory tract to an allergen Symptoms - sneezing, watery eyes, runny nose, itching 8

9. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Hay fever Causes of seasonal - tree pollen, grasses, ragweed pollen, agricultural crops Causes of nonseasonal - dust mites, pet dander, food allergies 9

10. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Treatment Removal of allergen Air-conditioned environment or move to different climate Antihistamines Allergy desensitization 10

11. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Asthma Aka bronchial asthma Symptoms: ○ Extreme shortness of breath ○ Difficulty breathing ○ Wheezing, anxiety, cough 11

12. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Asthma Treatment: ○ Avoidance of causative allergens ○ Desensitization ○ Education ○ Medication No cure but can be controlled 12

13. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Anaphylaxis Severe allergic response to an allergen Common causes - antibiotics, anesthetics, codeine, insulin, vaccines, foods, pollens, latex, etc. 13

14. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Anaphylaxis May be mild to life threatening Symptoms: ○ Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp ○ Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty breathing 14

15. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Treatment Emergency tracheostomy Epinephrine Corticosteroids Antihistamines 15

16. Hypersensitivity Disorders  Food Allergies Chocolate and shellfish are common Symptoms: ○ Cramping ○ Diarrhea ○ Vomiting 16

17. Contact Dermatitis  Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction  Causes - cosmetics, laundry products, plants, jewelry, paint, drugs  Common example - poison ivy 17

18. Autoimmune Disorders  Rheumatic Fever Follows group A strep infection Occurs 1 to 4 weeks after strep infection; onset is either sudden or gradual Symptoms: fever, malaise, joint pain Accurate diagnosis of strep infections best preventive measure 18

19. Autoimmune Disorders  Rheumatoid Arthritis Abnormal antibody that attacks or attaches to body’s own cells and tissues Antibody called rheumatoid factor (RF) in blood is indicative of disease Classic sign is ulnar deviation Progressive disease 19

20. Autoimmune Disorders  Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment ○ Anti-inflammatory medications ○ Analgesics ○ Exercise and rest routine ○ Corticosteroids short term ○ Surgical joint replacement 20

21. Autoimmune Disorders  Myasthenia Gravis Onset is slow Symptoms ○ Diplopia ○ Ptosis ○ Dysphagia 21

22. Autoimmune Disorders  Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms ○ Dysphonia ○ Difficulty with facial expressions ○ Fatigue 22

23. Autoimmune Disorders  Myasthenia Gravis Periods of remission and exacerbation Treatment ○ Mestinon ○ Plasma exchange 23

24. Autoimmune Disorders  Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Alters carbohydrate or sugar metabolism Triggered by viral infections such as rubella, mumps, and influenza 24

25. Lupus Erythematosus  Two types - cutaneous (discoid) and systemic (diffuse)  Cutaneous is limited to the skin  Systemic affects multiple systems  Symptoms of SLE: Butterfly rash, joint pain, fever, weight loss 25

26. Autoimmune Disorders  Systemic Erythematosus  SLE is chronic with remissions and exacerbations 26

27. Autoimmune Disorders  Systemic Erythematosus  Treatment is symptomatic: NSAIDS Antipyretics Analgesics Corticosteroids 27

28. Autoimmune Disorder  Scleroderma Hardening, thickening, and shrinking of connective tissues, including the skin  Periods of exacerbation and remission  Symptoms Thick, leather-like shiny taut skin, joint contractures, Raynaud’s phenomenon 28

29. Testing for Infection  Symptoms Fever Tachycardia Malaise Leukocytosis Septicemia 29

30. Testing for Infection  Tests Culture Sensitivity Antigen-antibody reactive test Serologic testing Skin testing 30

31. Autoimmune Disorders  No cure or treatment  May use antibiotics, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory  Muscle stretching and strengthening exercises may be beneficial 31

32. Isoimmune Disorders  Blood Transfusion Reaction  Type of tissue transplant  Type O is universal blood donor  Type AB is the universal recipient  Symptoms of transfusion Chills, shivering, fever 32

33. Isoimmune Disorders  Erythroblastosis Fetalis Mother’s antibodies attack and destroy antigen on baby’s RBCs, ultimately causing death Usually no problem with first baby of Rh negative mother and Rh positive baby 33

34. Isoimmune Disorders  Erythroblastosis Fetalis Condition only affects Rh positive babies carried by Rh negative mothers 34

35. Isoimmune Disorders  Erythroblastosis Fetalis Treatment is transfusion of baby’s blood at birth RhoGAM has halted this condition RhoGAM is given prophylactically after delivery of first fetus 35

36. Organ Rejection  Human immune system attacks transplanted tissue  More closely matched donor decreases chance of rejection  Acute rejection occurs early  Chronic rejection occurs over longer period 36

37. Immune Deficiency Disorders  Inability of immune system to protect individual against disease  Congenital, genetic disorder, or acquired  Causes include: Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and radiation 37

38. Immune Deficiency Disorders  Causes include: Medications given to organ transplant recipients AIDS 38

39. Immune Deficiency Disorders  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Human immunodeficiency virus Eradicates individual’s lymphocytes 39

40. Immune Deficiency Disorders  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Stages: ○ Acute infection ○ Asymptomatic HIV ○ Symptomatic HIV 40

41. Immune Deficiency Disorders  Advanced HIV Anti-viral medications such as AZT may slow HIV replication and disease progress 41

42. Immune Deficiency Disorders  Transmission of AIDS Intimate contact and sharing body fluids Virus must enter bloodstream to cause infection 42

43. Immune Deficiency Disorders  Transmission of AIDS Misconceptions about transmission: ○ Cannot get from toilet seats, doorknobs, furniture, water fountains, social kissing, coughing, or sneezing 43

44. Immune Deficiency Disorders  Three ways AIDS is primarily spread Sexual intercourse Sharing of hypodermic needles In utero from infected mother to unborn baby 44

45. Immune Deficiency Disorders  Rare Diseases Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete dysfunction of immune system 45