1. 4.3 Exchange of gases in the lungs

2. Learning outcomes Students should understand the following: The essential features of the alveolar epithelium as a surface over which gas exchange takes place. The exchange of gases in the lungs.

3. Alveoli The site of gas exchange in mammals is the epithelium of the alveoli. Minute air-sacs 100 – 300  m in diameter There are about 300 alveoli in each human lung. Each alveoli is lined with epithelial cells 0.05  m to 0.3  m thick. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries.

4. Actually, each air sac is found to be a bundle of air sacs. Together, they are known as an alveolus. We can look inside the alveolus to get some idea of why they are shaped the way they are. The outside of the alveolus is covered with tiny blood vessels. Oxygen makes its way to special air sacs. Inside an alveolus

5. oxygen (O 2 ) gas passes through here This O 2 is then able to dissolve in a small moist lining. epithelial lining of the alveolus A cross-section of an alveolus The moist lining also stops the alveolus from drying and cracking. It lubricates the insides of the air bag.

6. Label the alveolus

7. Diffusion at work

8. After the oxygen dissolves it also diffuses. O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 cell lining of alveolus cell lining of capillary blood D I F F U S I O N The oxygen molecules must diffuse through both the lining of the alveolus and the lining of the blood capillary. They are eventually picked up by red blood cells. Oxygen diffusion into red blood cells

9. The blood now carries this oxygen to the cells of the body. Right Lung Left Lung blood vessel body cells blood O2O2 O2O2 Blood leaving the lungs

10. Laws of diffusion The movement of the oxygen from the blood to the cells also follows the law of diffusion. It is highly concentrated within the blood. Meanwhile the concentration is low within the cell. blood coming from the lungs body cell high concentration low concentration Therefore the oxygen passes into the body cells.

11. Alveoli adaptations Alveoli have the following adaptations which make them a really good surface for gas exchange: Large surface area to volume ratio – speeds up the rate of exchange Thin exchange surfaces – short diffusion pathway Partially permeable – to allow selected materials to diffuse easily Steep concentration gradient maintained by breathing and blood flow

12. Alveoli adaptations The walls of the alveoli are moist and oxygen diffuses into this liquid before diffusing across the alveolar wall and into the blood. This liquid contains a surfactant which reduces surface tension and prevents the air-sacs collapsing. It is produced in babies from 7 months onwards which is why those born before this time may have breathing difficulties. Artificial surfactants are now being used which can help prevent brain damage due to lack of oxygen in the first few weeks.

13. Learning outcomes Students should understand the following: The essential features of the alveolar epithelium as a surface over which gas exchange takes place. The exchange of gases in the lungs.