1. Earth Science, 6e Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens

2. Minerals, What for?  Do we need Minerals?  Name a few things made from minerals: Example: Glass is made from… Steel Pencil lead Bullets Sheet rock

3. Structure of an Atom

4. How atoms are constructed  Atomic number or atom’s electrical charge: number of protons of the atom  Atomic mass number or atomic weight: Neutrons plus protons

5. Atomic Bonding  Atomic Bonds  Ionic Bonds: Electron Transfer  Covalent Bonds: Electrons sharing  Metallic Bonds: Free electrons  Ions: Atoms that gain or lose electrons  Isotopes Same atom with a different weight

6. Minerals: the building blocks of rocks  Definition of a mineral Natural Inorganic Solid Possess an orderly internal structure of atoms Have a definite chemical composition  Mineraloid - lacks an orderly internal structure

7. Minerals  Physical properties of minerals Crystal form Luster Color Streak Hardness versus Tenacity Cleavage (breaks evenly)

8. The mineral quartz often exhibits good crystal form

9. Conchoidal fracture

10. Pyrite (fool’s gold) displays metallic luster

11. Color, not reliable…

13. Three examples of perfect cleavage – fluorite, halite, and calcite

14. Minerals  Physical properties of minerals Fracture (breaks unevenly) Specific gravity (mineral heftiness) Other properties Taste Smell

15. Minerals  Physical properties of minerals Other properties Feel Magnetism Double Refraction Reaction to hydrochloric acid

16. Minerals  A few dozen minerals are called the rock- forming minerals (see page 35)  The eight elements that compose most rock- forming minerals are (see page 34)

18. Minerals  Silicates Minerals (see page 35) Most common mineral group (90% of minerals) Contain the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron Four oxygen atoms surrounding a much smaller silicon atom Combines with other atoms to form the various silicate structures

19. The silicate (SiO 4 ) -4 molecule

20. Common silicate minerals

21. Potassium feldspar

22. Minerals  Nonsilicate Minerals ( see page 36) Major groups Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Halides “Native” elements

23. Native Copper

24. Some common non-silicate minerals

25. An underground halite (salt) mine

26. The Bingham copper mine in Utah

27. End of Chapter 1

28. PRS Test on Minerals Please do not talk to your neighbor during the test. Thank you.

29. 1- This silicate (SiO 4 ) -4 molecule has a: 1 silicon 4 oxygen; or b:1 oxygen 4 silicon

30. 2 - Does this quartz mineral show a: Cleavage faces or b: Crystal form ?

31. 3 - What is the luster displayed by this mineral ? a: metallic; b: non metallic

32. 4 - Do these minerals have a: perfect cleavage; b: absence of cleavage

33. 5 - Does this mineral show a: good cleavage or b: conchoidal fracture?

34. 6 - What mineral is this? a: Calcite or b: Potassium Feldspar

35. 7 - What are the two minerals your fingernail can scratch? a.Calcite and Gypsum b.Gypsum and Talc c.Talc and Calcite

36. 8 - The most reliable way to identify a carbonate mineral is by a.Luster b.Hardness c.Streak d.Reaction to Hydrochloric Acid e.None of these

37. 9 - One of these minerals is a Sulfide a.Calcite (CaCO3) b.Quartz (SiO2) c.Gypsum (CaSO4.H2O) d.Pyrite (FeS2) e.None of the above

38. 10 - Which term does not define a mineral? a.Natural b.Solid c.Organic d.Definite crystalline structure e.Definite Chemical Composition

39. 11 - Which mineral has double refraction, hardness =3, and reacts with hydrochloric acid? a.Pyrite b.Galena c.Quartz d.Calcite e.None of these

40. THE END THAT’S ALL FOLKS! THANK YOU!!!