1. 4.4 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials; Graphing Simple Polynomials

2. Identify terms and coefficients.
Objective 1
Identify terms and coefficients.
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3. Identify terms and coefficients.
In Section 1.8, we saw that in an expression such as
the quantities 4x3, 6x2, 5x, and 8 are called terms. In the first (or leading) term 4x3, the number 4 is called the numerical coefficient, or simply the coefficient, of x3. In the same way, 6 is the coefficient of x2 in the term 6x2, and 5 is the coefficient of x in the term 5x. The constant term 8 can be thought of as 8 · 1 = 8x2, since x0 = 1, so 8 is the coefficient in the term 8.
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4. Identifying Coefficients
CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 1
Identifying Coefficients
Name the coefficient of each term in the expression
Solution:
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5. Objective 2
Add like terms.
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6. Add like terms.
Recall from Section 1.8 that like terms have exactly the same combinations of variables, with the same exponents on the variables. Only the coefficients may differ.
Examples of like terms
Using the distributive property, we combine, or add, like terms by adding their coefficients.
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7. Simplify by adding like terms.
CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 2
Adding Like Terms
Simplify by adding like terms.
Solution:
Unlike terms cannot be combined. Unlike terms have different variables or different exponents on the same variables.
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8. Know the vocabulary for polynomials.
Objective 3
Know the vocabulary for polynomials.
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9. Know the vocabulary for polynomials.
A polynomial in x is a term or the sum of a finite number of terms of the form axn, for any real number a and any whole number n. For example,
is a polynomial in x. (The 4 can be written as 4x0.) This polynomial is written in descending powers of variable, since the exponents on x decrease from left to right.
Polynomial in x
By contrast,
is not a polynomial in x, since a variable appears in a denominator.
Not a Polynomial
A polynomial can be defined using any variable and not just x. In fact, polynomials may have terms with more than one variable.
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10. Know the vocabulary for polynomials. (cont’d)
The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents on the variables. For example 3x4 has degree 4, while the term 5x (or 5x1) has degree 1, −7 has degree 0 ( since −7 can be written −7x0), and 2x2y has degree = 3. (y has an exponent of 1.)
The degree of a polynomial is the greatest degree of any nonzero term of the polynomial. For example 3x4 + 5x2 + 6 is of degree 4, the term 3 (or 3x0) is of degree 0, and x2y + xy − 5xy2 is of degree 3.
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11. Know the vocabulary for polynomials. (cont’d)
Three types of polynomials are common and given special names. A polynomial with only one term is called a monomial. (Mono- means “one,” as in monorail.) Examples are
and
Monomials
A polynomial with exactly two terms is called a binomial. (Bi- means “two,” as in bicycle.) Examples are
and
Binomials
A polynomial with exactly three terms is called a trinomial. (Tri- means “three,” as in triangle.) Examples are
and
Trinomials
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12. Classifying Polynomials
CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 3
Classifying Polynomials
Simplify, give the degree, and tell whether the simplified polynomial is a monomial, binomial, trinomial, or none of these.
Solution:
degree 8; binomial
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13. Objective 4
Evaluate polynomials.
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14. Evaluating a Polynomial
CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 4
Evaluating a Polynomial
Find the value of 2y3 + 8y − 6 when y = −1.
Solution:
Use parentheses around the numbers that are being substituted for the variable, particularly when substituting a negative number for a variable that is raised to a power, or a sign error may result.
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15. Add and subtract polynomials.
Objective 5
Add and subtract polynomials.
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16. Add and subtract polynomials.
Polynomials may be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided.
Adding Polynomials
To add two polynomials, add like terms.
In Section 1.5, we defined the difference x − y as x + (−y). (We find the difference x − y by adding x and the opposite of y.) For example,
and
A similar method is used to subtract polynomials.
Subtracting Polynomials
To subtract two polynomials, change all the signs in the second polynomial and add the result to the first polynomial.
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17. + + CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 5 Adding Polynomials Vertically Add. and
Solution: + +
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18. Adding Polynomials Horizontally
CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 6
Adding Polynomials Horizontally
Add.
Solution:
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19. Subtracting Polynomials Horizontally
CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 7
Subtracting Polynomials Horizontally
Perform the subtractions.
from
Solution:
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20. + CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 8 Subtracting Polynomials Vertically Subtract.
Solution: +
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21. CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 9 Subtract. Solution:
Adding and Subtracting Polynomials with More Than One Variable
Subtract.
Solution:
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22. Graph equations defined by polynomials of degree 2.
Objective 6
Graph equations defined by polynomials of degree 2.
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23. Graph equations defined by polynomials of degree 2.
In Chapter 3, we introduced graphs linear equations (which are polynomial equations of degree 1). By plotting points selectively, we can graph polynomial equations of degree 2.
The graph of y = x2 is the graph of a function, since each input x is related to just one output y. The curve in the figure to the right is called a parabola. The point (0,0), the lowest point on this graph, is called the vertex of the parabola. The vertical line through the vertex (the y-axis here) is called the axis of the parabola. The axis of a parabola is a line of symmetry for the graph. If the graph is folded on this line, the two halves will match.
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24. CLASSROOM EXAMPLE 10 Graph y = 2x2. Solution:
Graphing Equations Defined by Polynomials of Degree 2
Graph y = 2x2.
Solution:
All polynomials of degree 2 have parabolas as their graphs. When graphing, find points until the vertex and points on either side of it are located.
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