1. 1 TURKEY POULTRY BIOSECURITY Backyard and Small Scale Commercial Production Nedret Durutan and Cüneyt Okan

2. 2 first AI case in Turkey MANYAS, October 2005, free range turkeys

3. 3 field studies conducted –Feb 2006: Assessment of AI Impact on Backyard Poultry –April/May 2007 : Poultry Keeping Systems and Biosecurity

4. 4 provinces visited (42 settlement areas in 12 provinces) provinces information collected by questionnaires (12 settlement areas in 7 provinces)

5. 5 methods used focus group meetings interviews distant surveys over 600 stakeholders were contacted

6. 6 methods used

7. 7 STUDY I: An Assessment of AI Impact on Backyard Poultry

8. 8 objectives to assess: –nature of the backyard poultry, –impact of AI particularly on smallholders, –level of preparedness at the individual and community level –factors hindering the implementation of disease control plans

9. 9 major findings the nature of backyard poultry the reason for keeping income caretakers source of animals shelter feed veterinary services

10. 10 major findings the majority want to keep backyard poultry to provide fresh eggs and meat for the family to offer guests to barter in the village to provide pocket money for women to provide income (selling oversupply) as companion animals and hobby

11. 11 major findings rural people believe: there is no AI but ND AI is not dangerous lab tests could be inaccurate AI is government’s problem denial / disbelief taking measures and implementing disease control plans

12. 12 major findings public awareness material did not emphasize: –AI is different from ND –AI risk is not temporary –animals looking healthy could be infected and transmit disease

13. 13 major findings communication during and after AI crisis –inconsistent, insufficient and random messages from too many sources –poor information dissemination at the village level –lack of guidance on the future of the backyard poultry

14. 14 STUDY II: Poultry Keeping Systems and Biosecurity

15. 15 objectives to review the current biosecurity situation at all levels of the poultry sector (FAO defined sectors 3-4 ) identify risk areas develop pilot projects

16. 16 major findings common biosecurity perception “biosecurity is to protect one’s own flock from diseases” this dictates how the stakeholders act

17. 17 major findings big actors of the sector are concerned about the backyard backyard growers and small scale producers do not analyze the situation and develop own preventive measures

18. 18 Vaillancourt 2002: list of top biosecurity risks (16) assessment (yes /no) yes: indicate risk –large export oriented broiler producers –small scale locally operating broiler companies –egg producers –backyard growers major findings

19. 19 major findings Sector risk (%) lowlow- moderate moderate- high high large scale export oriented broiler prod. 13% small scale locally operating broiler prod. 47% egg production 60% backyard production 100% external sources need to be controlled some improvements needed considerable & immediate improvements needed immediate action needed

20. 20 behavioral patterns in biosecurity applications 1.a set of biosecurity measures were taken (Vaillancourt 2002) 2.poultry producers’ behaviors in applications of these were questioned (as always, frequently, sometimes, seldom, not practiced) 3.for those that are not applied as habit (always and frequently) costs were reviewed (as the cheapest, cheaper, expensive, most expensive) whether those are affordable

21. 21 biosecurity measures visitor related grower and employees company or farm policies physical farm attributes management sanitation transportation regional

22. 22 major findings: HABIT high-benefit biosecurity measures backyard production always- frequently- sometimes5% seldom11% not practiced84% nothing is practiced as a habit, mindset needs to be changed totally

23. 23 HABIT high-benefit biosecurity measures egg producers always12% frequently- sometimes42% seldom31% not practiced15% only 12% of the measures are routinely practiced, major improvements needed

24. 24 HABIT high-benefit biosecurity measures small scale locally operating broiler companies always22% frequently- sometimes41% seldom19% not practiced18% 22% of the measures are routinely practiced, serious efforts needed for improvement

25. 25 major findings: COST cost of measures backyard production cheapest32% cheaper42% expensive16% most expensive10% at least 74% of the measures are highly affordable

26. 26 COST cost of measures egg producers cheapest31% cheaper35% expensive30% most expensive4% 65% of the measures that are not practiced routinely are highly affordable

27. 27 COST cost of measures small scale, locally operating broiler companies cheapest33% cheaper38% expensive24% most expensive5% 71% of the measures that are not routinely practiced involve low cost, cost is not a barrier for non-compliance

28. 28 what is needed? mindset change behavior change developing awareness filling the information gaps effective enforcing of measures

29. 29 status of backyard production (in 2007) in villages where culling took place, restocking has been done or is contemplated, those who drop backyard production due to unsuppressed fear are contemplating re-starting production, major findings: backyard

30. 30 some adopted “wait and see” attitude, few seemed to have stopped, at least for the time being, major findings

31. 31 misconceptions and beliefs the major barrier in convincing the rural populations that AI is dangerous their past experience with the New Castle Disease

32. 32 misconceptions and beliefs AI was a one-time problem, no mass poultry and human deaths in the country wetlands are not a problem, ducks and geese always wonder around, nothing happened wild birds are healthy, hunting them is not a problem spent hen trade for re-stocking does not pose any problem

33. 33 misconceptions and beliefs unless: the differences of AI and ND are explained well to the rural people they understand, realize, and believe that these two diseases are different

34. 34 misconceptions and beliefs they will continue to: see no harm in contacting the sick animals without taking any measures

35. 35 misconceptions and beliefs they will continue to: contact with the wild birds and their habitat

36. 36 misconceptions and beliefs they will continue to: let the backyard poultry roam freely

37. 37 misconceptions and beliefs they will continue to: buy and sell chicks in the market

38. 38 identifying risk a set of criteria was developed by taking the various modes of AI spread, the outbreaks in Turkey did not coincide necessarily with each and every criteria the probabilities increase as a result of their singular or combined occurrence and they are considered as basic indicators of risk

39. 39 criteria used wetlands major wild bird migration routes high poultry population high concentration of asymptomatic carriers high rural population high population (human density) high agricultural activity large rice fields prolonged winters

40. 40 an example: wetlands reed cutting hunting fishing livestock grazing

41. 41 risk matrix province criteria score on wild migration route high no. of turkey ………………. high agricultural activity high no. days with frost Adana ++ 2 Hatay ++++ 4 …………. Samsun +++++++ 7

42. 42 provinces and risk categories total score risk category provinces less than 2 moderate24 3-4high31 more than 5 significant Balıkesir, Sakarya, Mersin, Manisa, Konya, Samsun, Mu ş

43. 43 pilot projects I: Mobile Information Kiosks for Rural Markets in Significant Risk Areas II: Monitoring Spent Hen Trade III: Risk Reduction in Backyard Poultry

44. 44 pilot projects IV: Improving the Perceptions of Biosecurity Risks for Small and Medium Scale Commercial Broiler and Egg Producers V:Building AI Awareness for Wetland Users

45. 45 Mobile Information Kiosks for Rural Markets in Significant Risk Areas

46. 46 objectives to improve knowledge, awareness and vigilance in significant risk areas by taking the information sources to locations where information exchange regularly takes place

47. 47 objectives facilitate face-to-face communication between the villagers and the professionals to make the verbal and audio-visual information available to large audience in a cost effective manner

48. 48 project description a vehicle a team of professionals ( for animal and human health-at least one female) public awareness and training equipment and material local market schedule

49. 49 Monitoring Spent HenTrade

50. 50 objectives to ensure that the spent hens reach the intended slaughterhouses to be disposed to improve the monitoring of spent layer transportation to reduce the illicit live poultry trade

51. 51 project description a three-pillar, internet-based monitoring system will be established: 1.points of origin 2.destination 3.slaughterhouses the web site will be accessible both by the PDAs and slaughterers, master access at the General Directorate level TA, training and a web server

52. 52 expected results improved enforcement of live poultry trade bans reduced time required to monitor transportation improved accuracy of data and information reduced workloads at PDA for tracking transport improved efficiency in data collection and compilation

53. 53 Risk Reduction in Backyard Poultry

54. 54 objectives to enhance biosecurity: to prevent disease outbreaks facilitate containment to control in case of AI outbreaks by reducing risks stemming from backyard poultry

55. 55 expected results better informed poultry keepers about the risks enhanced biosecurity for backyard and commercial poultry, companies, individuals improved understanding of disease situation by the poultry owner: educated guess about the possible reasons: ND or AI ?

56. 56 expected results timely reporting of AI suspected cases to the authorities timely interventions to protect the family members and village community from AI reduced need for restocking due to the losses stemming from mismanagement

57. 57 project interventions 1.protection 2.training protection –from direct and/or indirect contamination through enclosure – against ND by increasing the specific immunity of the animals (vaccination)

58. 58 project interventions physical protection (enclosure) –full protection: fenced perimeter of a run area with sealed top in significant risk areas –partial protection: fenced perimeter with an open top in lower risk areas

59. 59 project interventions training –misconceptions about AI –symptoms of ND and AI –modes of disease spread –disease prevention –practical vaccination –basic hygiene practices (kitchen) –simple record keeping

60. 60 Improving the Perceptions of Biosecurity Risks for Small and Medium Scale Commercial Broiler and Egg Producers

61. 61 objectives develop or improve biosecurity awareness in the owners and labor force of small poultry enterprises improve the ability of the owners in assessing biosecurity risks for their assets, employees and their families, other enterprises and humans

62. 62 objectives make the owners understand the cost- worthiness of investing in biosecurity measures improve awareness in the labor force about the potential health risks to contribute to the development of habit in practicing biosecurity measures

63. 63 project interventions training program BESD-BIR and YUM-Bir will identify the enterprises and localities program will separately target owners employees classroom and field training

64. 64 Building Awareness for Wetland Users

65. 65 objectives create awareness about the contamination risks associated with the wetlands to reduce the risks to the direct users (reed cutters, hunters, fishermen and shepherds) create awareness about the contamination risks for the family members, to the community, backyard poultry and shared spaces, vehicles and equipment

66. 66 project interventions baseline survey development of training material training impact assessment

67. 67 Q & A

68. 68 major findings patterns of use of different biosecurity measures –nature of the operation (local, ntl, export) –size of business and/or flocks –proximity to high risk areas –density of premises and backyard in proximity –perception of owners, managers, workers

69. 69 Vaillancourt’s top risks 72 poultry health specialists expert opinion people issues environment and flock characteristics bird and animal issues

70. 70 Vaillancourt’s top measures (highest benefits) cost »Ykr: negligible »YTL, YTL, YTL: expensive

71. 71 expected results: MIKs informative documentation from different sources (NGOs, private sector, various gov. agencies) will be easily distributed village administration can obtained the material at required amount public announcements regarding updates on AI can be easily made

72. 72 expected results: MIKs more targeted audience will be reached collaboration between human and animal health agencies will be better coordinated locally targeted information to clusters of villages will be effectively disseminated

73. 73 expected results: improving perception facilitating changes in the perception of biosecurity risks skills developed to assess the risks making the owners understand the cost- effectiveness of investing in biosecurity measures.

74. 74 expected results: wetlands better informed wetland users about the modes of AI spread better informed individuals about the high risk periods for the wetlands, improved ability for self risk assessment

75. 75 expected results: wetlands improved understanding of the importance of use of basic protective gear and disinfectants improved personal hygiene for the direct users and the associated people including families

76. 76 expected results: wetlands better informed individuals about the AI symptoms in wild birds, poultry and humans improved awareness about the importance of early reporting of suspected cases for wild birds, poultry and humans