2. Computer-Aided Design(CAD) In CAD a computer is used for designing things Changes to a design can be made without redrawing the design It is easier to create 3-D representations of an object Libraries of components can be kept and reused It is also faster than using pen and pencil Designs can be scaled down easily Designs can be shared on the web or distributed as pdf via e-mail

3. Features Of CAD programs Creationve of 3-D drawings using vector graphics Importing existing drawings Libraries of standard components Surface, Mesh and Solid modelling tools Zooming in to work on finer details 2-D cross-sectional views 3-D views ranging from ‘wire-frame’ (representing hidden edges) to rendering(drawing surfaces)

4. Features Of CAD programs Multiple views available 3-D navigation tools to ‘walk or fly through’ Stereoscopic display to allow a use to view in 3-D Estimates of masses, material, surface areas, volumes and costs Performance of thermal, stress, strain, resonance, buckling, toppling etc

5. Features Of CAD programs Optimisation of routing of conductive tracks Verification od design against design specification using simulations Output to a 3-D printer Exporting files in pdf format

6. Computer-adided manufacturing(CAM) Computer controlled machines are used for making the product directly from the design

7. Features of CAM software Creation of programs by specialist programmers or machinist to control CAM machinery Tools for managing production, transportation, storage of raw materials, components and products Importing data from CAD systems Output directly to CAM machinery

8. Adavantages of CAM Consistently high quality Reliable Productivity is high Minimises wastage of materials Minimises energy usage