1. GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT

2. The Age of Adulthood
Young adulthood= late teens to mid to late thirties
Middle adulthood= Begins around 35 and lasts through the late 60’s
Older adulthood= Age 65 traditionally used as the start of old age

3. Maturity and Adulthood
Maturity is reached when a balance of growth in th physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive areas has been attained.
Characteristics of Maturity
Accepts constructive criticism
Open to suggestion
Learns from own and others experiences
Accepts responsibility for their own mistakes

4. Developmental Theories of the Young Adult
Erikson- 8 stages of life
Intimacy vs isolation
Havighurst- Developmental tasks arise at each age from predictable internal/external pressures
Pressures-
Tasks-
Gould- Developmental Themes w/in adult development
1st Theme (age 20)- “I have to get away from my parents”
2nd Theme (30’s)- “Is what I am the only way for me to be?”
3rd Theme (late 30’s)- “Have I done the right thing? Is there time to change?”

5. Growth and Development of the Young Adult
Physiological
Few maturational changes
Experience severe illness less
Physical changes occur as middle age approaches
Personal life-style assessment
Cognitive
Critical thinking abilities increase with experiences
Develop problem solving skills
Identify occupation

6. Growth and Development of the Young Adult
Psychosocial
Emotional health r/t abilty to resolve personal/ social tasks
Predictable trends
Refining self-perception and ability for intimacy
Directs energy toward achievement and mastery of surrounding world
Examining life goals and relationships
More attention devoted to occupational/ social pursuits
May benefit from career counseling/ testing
Trend is more women working while pregnant, men more aware of parental responsibilities

7. Health Concerns/ Risk Factors for the Young Adult
Health Risks
Violence
Substance Abuse
Unwanted pregnancies
STDs
Occupational, environmental risk factors
Lifestyle Concerns
Smoking
Stress
Exercise patterns
Personal hygiene
Familial history
Infertility

8. Childbearing Family
Pregnant womans body undergoes physical changes (pg.225)
Cognitive changes
Temporary sensory changes
Educational needs
Psychosocial changes
Body Image
Role changes
Sexuality
Coping mechanisms
Stresses

9. Developmental Theories of the Middle Adult
Erikson’s Theory (8 stages)
Generativity vs Stagnation
Integrity vs Despair
Havighurst’s Theory- 7 developmental tasks
Achieving adult civic/ social responsibility
Establishing/ maintaining a standard of living
Helping teenagers become responsible and happy adults
Developing leisure activities
Relating to one’s spouse as a person
Accepting/ adjusting to physiological changes
Adjusting to aging parents
Gould’s Theory
Theme for 40s,50s, 60s- “The die is cast”

10. Middle Adult Growth and Development
Physiological changes
Gray hair, wrinkled skin, increased weight, balding, menopause and climacteric (reproductive changes)
Cognitive development
Change rare, if any, due to illness or traua
Psychosocial changes
Career transition
Sexuality
Marital changes
Family transitions
Care of aging parents (sandwich generation)

11. Middle Adult Health Concerns
Physiological
Stress
Levels of Wellness
Forming positive health habits
Psychosocial
Anxiety related to physiological and psychosocial changes
Depression

12. Theories of Aging Multiple Theories trying to explain aging
Psychosocial- tries to explain behavior, roles, and relationships that come w/ aging
Biological- no one theory accepted
Stochastic Theories
Aging is a result of random cellular damage that occurs over time (damage= physical changes)
Nonstochastic Theories
Genetic physiological mechanisms control the process of aging. \

13. Developmental Tasks for Older Adults
Tasks are associated w/ varying degrees of change and loss. (Box 13-3, pg.239)
Common losses:
Health
Significant others
Sense of usefulness
Socialization
Income
Independent living
Physical changes of aging

14. Older Adult Growth and Development
Physiological Changes
Virtually every body system has some type of change w/ aging
Cognitive Changes
Delirium- Acute confusional state
Dementia- Generalized impairment of intellectual functioning
Alzheimers is the most common form of dementia
Depression- affects 20% of older adults
Psychosocial Changes
Involves changes in roles and relationships
Retirement
Social Isolation
Sexuality
Housing and Environment
Death

15. Health Concerns of the Older Adult
3 most common causes of death= heart disease, cancer, stroke
Physiological concerns
90% of adults>65 have at least one chronic health condition
Chronic conditions are 4x more common among older adults than other age groups
Chronic conditions affect well being and independence
Besides heart disease, cancer, and stroke other concerns include:
Smoking Alcohol Abuse
Nutrition Dental problems
Arthritis Sensory impairments
Pain Medication use

16. Health Concerns of the Older Adult
Psychosocial Health Concerns
Social isolation
Cognitive impairment
Stresses due to life changes
Interventions addressing psychosocial health concerns
Therapeutic communication
Touch
Reality orientation
Validation therapy
Reminiscence
Body Image interventions

17. Special Concerns of the Older Adult
Acute Care
Comfort
Safety
Nutrition/ hydration
Skin Integrity
Adverse events (delirium, dehydration, malnutrition, nosocomial infections, urinary incontinence, falls)
Restorative Care
Convalescence from acute care
Interventions should continuing supporting what was started in acute, should address holistic needs
Functioning w/ chronic conditions
Interventions should focus on promoting health, independence, stabilizing chronic conditions