1. Cylinder Head Bolts

2. Size of studs Total force acting on the studs :
This force is taken by studs nearest to the cylinder
During engine assembly PRE-TENSIONNING force is applied to all studs
For a single stud :

3. CYLINDER HEAD Design depends on the shape of the combustion chamber
the arrangement of the valves
the position of the spark plugs (SI engines)
the position of the injectors (CI engines)
the intake and exhaust ducts
external piping
direction of the cooling fluid

4. SI ENGINES WITH OVERHEAD VALVES
Hemispherical chambers are used with 2 valves
Pent - Roof chambers are used with 4 valves
Valve Head Diameters
Shape Inlet Exhaust Vp (mean)
Wedge or Bathtub D D 15 m/s
Bowl-in-piston D D 14 m/s
Hemispherical D D 18 m/s
Four valve
Pentroof D D 20 m/s

5. SI Combustion Chamber Shapes

6. SI Combustion Chamber Parameters
Chamber compactness
Port Design
Surface/Volume Ratio
Flame Travel Length
Squish and swirl type of mixture motion
Important Parameter in Modern Designs
High rate of flame propagation
Better emission control
Leaner mixtures
Less dissociation
Less Heat transfer
Less Pumping work

7. CI Combustion Chambers (Direct Injection)

8. CI Combustion Chambers (InDirect Injection)

9. Wall Thicknesses of Combustion Chambers
Cast Iron Cylinder Heads (Large CI engines)
Aluminium Alloy Cylinder Heads (SI engines)
Conservative
Approach