1. Investigations of Osteoporosis By Jeeves

2. DEXA/DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptionmetry) This is the gold standard in Osteoporosis diagnosis. Reported as a T-score or a Z- score. T-score compares bone density to the peak bone mass of a healthy individual of that gender.

3. T-score interpretation The T score is the number of standard deviations away you are from the mean of the reference sample. T-score >0 is better than the reference T-score 0 to -1 means no evidence of osteoporosis T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 is "osteopenia" (low bone mass) so consider prophylaxis T-score -2.5 or below means osteoporosis is present

4. Z-scores compare bone density to the average bone mass of an individual of that patient’s gender and age. T-scores are the more useful value as the Z-score for an older person would be flawed by the fact that many people of that age are more likely to have bone density loss and it is difficult to find enough health individuals to establish a normal value.

10. Other Ix Quantitative CT Scanning Does not provide a clinically significant advantage in diagnosis, is expensive and exposes the patient to far higher levels of radiation. Quantitative Ultrasound of the calcaneus Is the cheapest method and can be used to predict fracture risk but isn’t as useful as DEXA or Quantitative CT.

11. Interesting X-rays