1. Pheromones and Animal Behavior Leslie Vosshall June 2, 2008

2. http://njc.rockefeller.edu/VosshallBN08.php June 9: Presentations (PDFs available June 5) June 2: Lecture (PPT available online) Jeff LieschAndres Bendesky

3. $50 Tristram Wyatt Pheromones and Animal Behaviour Suggested Reading David Michael Stoddart The Scented Ape : The Biology and Culture of Human Odour $37

4. What do you look for in a perfect mate? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

5. What do you look for in a perfect mate? 1.Same species 2.Opposite sex 3.Sexually mature 4.Still fertile 5.Good social standing 6.Good genes 7.Alive 8.Not a sibling 9.Not a parent 10.Receptive 11.Available

6. The Problem Nocturnal moths

7. Formula for the perfect social signal: 1.Cheap to transmit 2.Cheap to receive 3.Discreet 4.Selective 5.Effective in the dark/barriers 6.Long-range 7.Long-lasting 8.Easy homing/identification

8. VISUAL

9. AUDIO

10. CHEMICAL cockroach sex pheromone Brennan & Keverne, Curr. Biol. 14:R81–R89 (2004)

11. What is a Pheromone? ”defined chemical signal between members of the same species, eliciting a particular behavior or physiological change...”

12. Broader Definition: Pheromones ”any chemical signal conveying information between members of the same species” Recognition of Individuals or Kin: Differences between signals essential

13. Pheromones Health and Fitness Mate Choice/ Sexual Selection Mate Selection to Avoid Incest/Genetic Relatedness Sexual Maturation Successful Fertilization (Aquatic Animals) Kin Recognition Caste and Reproductive Status (Social Animals) Menstrual Synchrony Maternal-Infant Bonding Infant Suckling—Nipple Recognition Dominance Hierarchy Aggression Territory and Trail Marking Deception (Plant->Animal) Deception (Animal->Animal) Aggregation Intruder Alarm

14. Semiochemicals: Infochemicals Pheromones (Communcation within species) Both Sender + Receiver benefit Allelochemicals: Between species Kairomones: Receiver Benefits (Sender does not) Synomones: Both Sender + Receiver Benefit Allomones: Sender Benefits (Receiver does not)

15. Primer Pheromones Wyatt Book

16. Putative evolution of Pheromones Wyatt Book

17. Pheromones – Odor Imprinting Wyatt Book

18. Pheromones and behavior (phenomenology)

19. Silkmoth Bombyx mori

21. Sex (Releaser) Pheromones

22. Mate Quality: Courtship Pheromones hydroxydanaidal monocrotaline pyrrolizidine alkaloids Wyatt Book

23. Marking Behavior-Mara rodent Wyatt Book

24. Pheromones-Dominance Hierarchy

25. Dauer pheromones-C.elegans High Density/Limiting Food

26. Alarm Pheromones

27. Marking Behavior-desert ant

28. Trail Marking-leaf cutter ant

29. Marking, Territorial Behavior- Badger Wyatt Book

30. Mimicry: Pheromones Subverted for Deception Australian orchid D. glyptodon traps male Z.Trilobatus wasps Bolas spiders vs. moths

31. Mate Quality: MHC (mice)

32. Mate Quality: MHC (human)

33. Models for the MHC Effect 1. The MHC molecule hypothesis (MHC fragments in urine and sweat) 2. The peptide hypothesis (MHC peptide metabolites in urine) 3. The microflora hypothesis (MHC shapes allele-specific populations of commensal microbes) 4. The carrier hypothesis (MHC carries volatile aromatics, including those produced by bacteria) 5. The peptide-microbe hypothesis (MHC alters odor by restricting peptides available to commensal bacteria)

34. MHC Class I Peptides as Chemosensory Signals in the Vomeronasal Organ Trese Leinders-Zufall et al. Science 306:1033-1037, 2004

35. Coolidge Effect (Remating with arrival of new potential mate) Bruce Effect (Pregnancy block when exposed to foreign male) Vandenbergh Effect (Males accelerate puberty in young females) Whitten Effect (Males induce oestrus in adult females) Lee-Boot Effect (Group-housed females show suppressed oestrus; oestrus synchronized by contact with males)

36. Pheromone chemistry

37. Where do pheromones come from? Urine Sweat Tears Other glands… James Auger MoMA

38. Pheromone-Producing Glands-Insects Wyatt Book

39. Pheromone-Producing Glands-Mammals Wyatt Book

40. Luo, Fee, and Katz,Science 299: 1196-1201, 2003

41. Manduca sexta female pheromone blend

42. Sex Pheromones Wyatt Book

43. Mouse mammary pheromone (THE FIRST VERIFIED MAMMALIAN PHEROMONE) Schaal et al., Nature 424, 68-72, 2003

45. Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb (CHEMICAL CUES CAN BE EXTREMELY POTENT) Lin et al., Nature 434:470-477, 2005

46. Lin et al., Nature 434, 470 - 477, 2005

47. Identification of protein pheromones that promote aggressive behaviour. Chamero et al., Nature 450:899-902, 2007

52. bombykol bombykal The first chemically isolated pheromone (from 70,000 female silk moths; Butenandt, 1952)

53. Jeong et al., Nature 433:541, 2005. (- )-6R-(3'R, 5'R-dihydroxy-6'S-methyltetrahydro-pyran-2'R-yloxy) heptanoic acid C. elegans dauer pheromone

54. Pheromone reception (neural circuitry)

55. Olfaction vs. Pheromone Perception (vertebrates)

56. Vomeronasal or Jacobson’s Organ (VNO)

57. Brennan & Keverne, Curr. Biol. 14:R81–R89 (2004)

61. The information from the V1Rs and V2Rs, which is processed separately in the AOB, converges in completely overlapping projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract (BAOT), medial amygdala (MeA) and the posteromedial cortical nucleus (PMCo) of the amygdala.

62. Olfaction vs. Pheromone Perception (invertebrates)

63. Male Insect Antennae: Specialized to Detect Female Pheromones

65. In the fly brain, a few glomeruli in the antennal lobe are sexually dimorphic in size Image taken from Kondoh et al. (2003)

66. Datta et al., Nature 452:473-477, 2008

67. Pheromone receptors

68. Odorant Receptors (vertebrate)

71. Pheromone Receptors (vertebrate)

72. V1R: expressed with G α i and TRP2

73. V2R: expressed with G α o and TRP2 (and MHC M10)

74. Pheromone Receptors (invertebrate)

75. bombykol bombykal =come to me =go away

76. Nakagawa et al., Science 2005

78. Ha and Smith, Cell 133:761-763, 2008 ??

79. Pheromone reception (humans)

81. Sequential Sensory Decisions in Sexual Courtship: Correct Species? Correct Gender? Sexually Receptive? Other Quality Control Criteria (usually monitored by Females) Size? Strength? Other indicators of good “gene pool”?

82. PHEROMONES IN HUMANS? Kin recognition-family member vs. partner

83. PHEROMONES IN HUMANS? Kin recognition-partner vs. stranger

84. PHEROMONES IN HUMANS? Kin recognition-mother/child

85. PHEROMONES IN HUMANS? Menstrual synchrony

86. Stern & McClintock Nature 1998 392:177

87. ”Realm, the fragrances with human pheromones. Only Realm adds this extra dimension of human Pleasure. Awaken your sixth sense. Experience REALM. Contains human pheromones.” Realm Men by Realm Pheromone for Men Realm Pheromones Women by Realm Pheromone for Women Active Ingredient: androstenone (pig pheromone)

88. ”The 6 benefits of scientific matching Chances are increased that you’ll love the natural body fragrance of your matches. You have a greater chance of a more satisfying sex life. Women tend to enjoy a higher rate of orgasms with their partners. Women have a much lower chance of cheating in their exclusive relationships. Couples tend to have higher rates of fertility. All other things being equal, couples have a greater chance of having healthier children with more robust immune systems” www.scientificmatch.com Cheek swab and $1995

89. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/23111666#23111666

90. Please contact me if you have any questions about my lecture. Leslie Vosshall leslie@mail.rockefeller.eduleslie@mail.rockefeller.edu June 2, 2008