1. Arduino web site: www.arduino.cc
What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your computer.
It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
Arduino web site:
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

2. Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

3. Adruino boards Arduino Arduino BT Arduino MINI Arduino NANO
LilyPad Arduino
Ethernet shield
Xbee shield
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov
(Not to scale)

4. Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller
("Duemilanove" means 2009 in Italian)
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

5. Arduino Board Overview
USB chip
Digital input/output pins
USB connector
Power LED
Reset button
Microcontroller
chip
Power connector
Power
pins
Analog
Input
pins
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

6. Arduino Board Schematic
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

7. Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board
Duemilanove - the latest revision (2009) of the basic Arduino USB board. It connects to the computer with a standard USB cable and contains everything else you need to program and use the board. It can be extended with a variety of shields: custom daughter-boards with specific features.
It has:
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) outputs)
6 analog inputs
a 16 MHz crystal oscillator
a USB connection
a power jack
an ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header
a reset button.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

8. Digital or Analog?
• Digital – may take two values only: ON or OFF (1 or 0)
• Analog – has many (infinite) values
Computers don’t really do analog -- so they fake it, with quantization
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

9. Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board
Power:
The Arduino Duemilanove can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1 mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7 V, however, the 5 V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12 V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board.
The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

10. Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board
The power pins are as follows:
Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the board. This can come either from Vin via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
USB connector
Power connector
3V3 output
5V output
Vin
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

11. Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board
The Duemilanove basic board uses the Atmel ATmega328 chip (
Microcontroller
ATmega328
Operating Voltage
5 V
Input Voltage (recommended)
7-12 V
Input Voltage (limits)
6-20 V
Digital I/O Pins
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin
40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin
50 mA
Flash Memory
32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2 KB used by bootloader
SRAM
2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM
1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed
16 MHz
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

12. Using the breadboard (Socket board)
The bread board has many strips of metal (copper usually) which run underneath the board.
The metal strips are laid out as shown in orange. The long top and bottom row of holes are usually used for power supply connections.
To use the bread board, the legs of components are placed in the holes (the sockets). The holes are made so that they will hold the component in place. The circuit is built by placing components and connecting them together with jumper wires.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

13. What do you need to start working with Arduino?
Arduino board – will be provided
USB cable – will be provided
Computer with USB interface
USB driver and Arduino application – to be downloaded from (
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

14. Download the Arduino environment
To program the Arduino board you need the Arduino environment.
Download the latest version from the page:
When the download finishes, unzip the downloaded file. Make sure to preserve the folder structure. Double-click the folder to open it. There should be a few files and sub-folders inside.
Doubleclick it will start Arduino software
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

15. Download USB drivers
To connect your Arduino board to computer you need USB drivers for the FTDI chip on the board.
You'll want to install the USB drivers before plugging in the Arduino for the first time.
Download the latest version from the page:
(You can download executable file running which will install drivers)
Install the drivers.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

16. PROGRAM NOTIFICATION AREA
Arduino software
UPLOAD BUTTON
INPUT AREA
STATUS BAR
PROGRAM NOTIFICATION AREA
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

17. Select microcontroller type
Arduino software
Select your port
Select microcontroller type
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

18. Power up! (USB)
Now we are ready for the moment of truth, it's time to plug your Arduino in and power it up. The most common way to do this is to plug one end of the USB cable into the Arduino and the other end into a computer. The computer will then power the Arduino.
Plug the square end of USB cable into your Arduino; the other end – into computer.
You should get a small green light on the right side of the Arduino, as shown here
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

19. Example 01 Your first program:/*
* “Hello World!”
* This is the Hello World! for Arduino.
* It shows how to send data to the computer */
void setup() // run once, when the sketch starts {
Serial.begin(9600); // set up Serial library at 9600 bps
Serial.println("Is anybody out there?"); // prints phrase with ending line break }
void loop() // run over and over again
// do nothing!
// After sending program to the Arduino, press Reset button on the board and watch Serial monitor
Run this program. What do you see on the Serial Monitor?
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

20. Arduino Program (Sketch) Structure
Declare variables at top
• Initialize
• setup() – run once at beginning, set pins
• Running
• loop() – run repeatedly, after setup()
Example of a bare minimum program:
void setup() { }
void loop()
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

21. Arduino “Language” • Language is standard C/C++ (but made easy)
• Lots of useful functions
pinMode() – set a pin as input or output
digitalWrite() – set a digital pin high/low
digitalRead() – read a digital pin’s state
analogRead() – read an analog pin
analogWrite() – write an “analog” PWM value
delay() – wait an amount of time (ms)
millis() – get the current time
• And many others. And libraries. And examples!
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

22. Format of variables – 01
All variables have to be declared before they are used.
Declaring a variable means defining its type, and optionally, setting an initial value (initializing the variable).
For example,
int inputVariable = 0;
declares that variable inputVariable is of type int, and that its initial value is zero.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

23. Format of variables – 02
char – a data type that takes up 1 byte of memory that stores a character value. Character literals are written in single quotes, like this: 'A'.
byte – a byte stores an 8-bit unsigned number, from 0 to 255.
int – integers are your primary datatype for number storage, and store a 2 byte value. This yields a range of −32,768 to 32,767.
unsigned int – unsigned integers are the same as integers in that they store a 2 byte value. Instead of storing negative numbers however they only store positive values, yielding a useful range of 0 to 65,535.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

24. Format of variables – 03
long – long variables are extended size variables for number storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes), from −2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
unsigned long – unsigned long variables are extended size variables for number storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes). Unlike standard longs unsigned longs won't store negative numbers, making their range from 0 to 4,294,967,295
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

25. Format of variables – 04
float – datatype for floating-point numbers, a number that has a decimal point. They are often used to approximate analog and continuous values because they have greater resolution than integers. Floating-point numbers can be as large as E+38 and as low as − E+38. They are stored as 32 bits (4 bytes) of information.
double – double precision floating point number. Occupies 4 bytes. The double implementation on the Arduino is currently exactly the same as the float, with no gain in precision.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

26. Format of variables – 05 Example of variables: char myChar = 'A';
char myChar = 65; // both are equivalent
byte b = B10010; // "B" is the binary formatter (B10010 = 18 decimal)
int ledPin = 13;
unsigned int ledPin = 13;
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

27. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They return the sum, difference, product, or quotient of two operands.
y = y + 3;
x = x - 7;
i = j * 6;
r = r / 5;
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

28. Example 02 Math Run this program.
int a = 5;
int b = 10;
int c = 20;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // set up Serial library at 9600 bps
Serial.println("Here is some math: ");
Serial.print("a = ");
Serial.println(a);
Serial.print("b = ");
Serial.println(b);
Serial.print("c = ");
Serial.println(c);
Serial.print("a + b = "); // add
Serial.println(a + b);
Serial.print("a * c = "); // multiply
Serial.println(a * c);
Serial.print("c / b = "); // divide
Serial.println(c / b);
Serial.print("b - c = "); // subtract
Serial.println(b - c); }
void loop() // we need this to be here even though its empty
Run this program.
What do you see on the Serial Monitor?
Replace format “int” with “float”
Run this program again.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

29. Compound Operators Increment or decrement a variable Example:
X ++ // same as x = x + 1, or increments x by +1
X -- // same as x = x – 1, or decrements x by -1
X += y // same as x = x + y, or increments x by +y
X -= y // same as x = x - y, or decrements x by -y
X *= y // same as x = x * y, or multiplies x by y
X /= y // same as x = x / y, or divides x by y
Example:
x = 2; // x = 2
x += 4; // x now contains 6
x -= 3; // x now contains 3
x *= 10; // x now contains 30
x /= 2; // x now contains 15
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

30. Comparison operators x == y (x is equal to y)
x != y (x is not equal to y)
x < y (x is less than y)
x > y (x is greater than y)
x <= y (x is less than or equal to y)
x >= y (x is greater than or equal to y)
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

31. “if” condition
“if”, which is used in conjunction with a comparison operator, tests whether a certain condition has been reached, such as an input being above a certain number. The format for an “if” test is:
if (someVariable > 50) {
// do something here }
The program tests to see if someVariable is greater than 50. If it is, the program takes a particular action.
If the statement in parentheses is true, the statements inside the brackets are run. If not, the program skips over the code.
Example:
if (x > 120) digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);
comparison operator
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

32. “if…else” The “if-else” is the primary means of conditional branching.
To branch an execution of your program depending on the state of a digital input, we can use the following structure:
if (inputPin == HIGH) {
doThingA; }
else
doThingB;
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

33. “for” statement
The “for” statement is used to repeat a block of statements enclosed in curly braces. An increment counter is usually used to increment and terminate the loop. The “for” statement is useful for any repetitive operation:
for (initialization; condition; increment) {
//statement(s); }
The “initialization” happens first and exactly once. Each time through the loop, the “condition” is tested; if it's true, the “statement” block, and the “increment” is executed, then the “condition” is tested again. When the “condition” becomes false, the loop ends.
Example:
if (x > 120) digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

34. “for” statement Example “Dim an LED using a PWM pin”:
int PWMpin = 10; // LED in series with 1k resistor on pin 10
void setup() {
// no setup needed }
void loop()
for (int i=0; i <= 255; i++)
analogWrite(PWMpin, i);
delay(10);
initialization
condition
increment
statement
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

35. “switch ... case”
switch...case controls the flow of programs by allowing programmers to specify different code that should be executed in various conditions.
When a case statement is found whose value matches that of the variable, the code in that case statement is run.
Example:
switch (var) {
case label:
// statements
break;
default: }
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

36. “while” loop
while loops will loop continuously, and infinitely, until the expression inside the parenthesis, () becomes false. Something must change the tested variable, or the while loop will never exit. This could be in your code, such as an incremented variable, or an external condition, such as testing a sensor.
while(someVariable ?? value) {
doSomething; }
Example:
const int button2Pin = 2;
buttonState = LOW;
while(buttonState == LOW)
buttonState = digitalRead(button2Pin);
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

37. “do … while” loop
The “do” loop works in the same manner as the “while” loop, with the exception that the condition is tested at the end of the loop, so the “do” loop will always run at least once. do {
doSomething; }
while (someVariable ?? value);
Example:
x = readSensor();
delay(10);
while (x < 100); // loops if x < 100
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

38. Connection “+” (long) lead of LED should be connected to Pin #13.
The other (short) lead of the LED goes to “Ground”
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

39. Example 03a Red LED /* Blink Turns an LED ON and OFF repeatedly.
There is already an LED on the board connected to pin 13. */
int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize the digital pin as an output }
void loop()
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // set the LED off
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

40. Example 03b Play with values of constants “ON” and “OFF” Blinking LED
Turns an LED ON and OFF repeatedly.
There is already an LED on the board connected to pin 13. */
int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13
int ON = 100; // (ms) time for LED to be ON
int OFF = 100; // (ms) time for LED to be OFF
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize the digital pin as an output }
void loop()
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(ON); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(OFF); // wait for a second
Play with values of constants “ON” and “OFF”
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

41. Example 03c Blinking LED /* Blink without Delay
Turns on and off a light emitting diode(LED) connected to a digital pin, without using the delay() function. This means that other code can run at the same time without being interrupted by the LED code.
The circuit: LED attached from pin 13 to ground. */
const int ledPin = 13; // the number of the LED pin. Constants won't change.
int ledState = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED. Variables will change
long previousMillis = 0; // will store last time LED was updated. Variables will change
long interval = 1000; // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // set the digital pin as output: }
void loop() {
// check to see if it's time to blink the LED; that is, is the difference between the current time and last time we blinked the LED bigger than the interval at which we want to blink the LED.
if (millis() - previousMillis > interval)
previousMillis = millis(); // save the last time you blinked the LED
if (ledState == LOW) ledState = HIGH;
else ledState = LOW;
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState); // set the LED with the ledState of the variable
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

42. Connection
3 LEDs connected from digital pins 9, 10, 11 to ground through 220 ohm resistors
LED
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

43. Example 04
3 LEDs
/* The circuit: 3 LEDs connected from digital pins 9,10,11 to ground through 220 ohm resistors. */
int led9Pin = 9; // LED 9 connected to digital pin 9
int led10Pin = 10; // LED 10 connected to digital pin 10
int led11Pin = 11; // LED 11 connected to digital pin 11
int ON = 1000; // (ms) time for LED to be ON
int OFF = 1000; // (ms) time for LED to be OFF
void setup() // initialize digital pins as an output: {
pinMode(led9Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led10Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led11Pin, OUTPUT); }
void loop()
digitalWrite(led9Pin, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(ON); // wait for time “ON” (ms)
digitalWrite(led9Pin, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(OFF); // wait for time “OFF” (ms)
digitalWrite(led10Pin, HIGH); delay(ON); digitalWrite(led10Pin, LOW); delay(OFF);
digitalWrite(led11Pin, HIGH); delay(ON); digitalWrite(led11Pin, LOW); delay(OFF);
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

44. Connection LED on pin #13 is operated by a button on pin #2 Push
15 KOhm
220 Ohm
Push
button
+5V
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

45. Example 05
Button
/* LED on pin #13 is operated by a button on pin #2 */
const int led13Pin = 13;
const int button2Pin = 2;
int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton status
void setup() {
pinMode(led13Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(button2Pin, INPUT); }
void loop()
buttonState = digitalRead(button2Pin);
if (buttonState == HIGH)
digitalWrite(led13Pin, LOW);
else
digitalWrite(led13Pin, HIGH);
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

46. Connection
Three LEDs on pins 9, 10, 11 are controlled by a button on pin 2
15 KOhm
LED
220 Ohm
Push
button
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
+5V
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

47. Example 06
Button
/* LEDs on pins 9,10,11 are controlled by a button on pin #2 */
const int led7Pin = 9; // LED 9 connected to digital pin 9
const int led10Pin = 10; // LED 10 connected to digital pin 10
const int led11Pin = 11; // LED 11 connected to digital pin 11
const int led13Pin = 13;
const int ON = 100; // (ms) time for LED to be ON
const int OFF = 10; // (ms) time for LED to be OFF
const int button2Pin = 2;
int buttonState = 0;
void setup()
{ // initialize digital pins
pinMode(led9Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led10Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led11Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led13Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(button2Pin, INPUT); }
void loop() {
buttonState = digitalRead(button2Pin);
if (buttonState == HIGH)
digitalWrite(led13Pin, LOW);
digitalWrite(led9Pin, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(ON); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(led9Pin, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(OFF); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(ed10Pin, HIGH); // set the LED on
digitalWrite(ed10Pin, LOW); // set the LED off
digitalWrite(led11Pin, HIGH); // set the LED on
digitalWrite(led11Pin, LOW); // set the LED off
else
digitalWrite(led13Pin, HIGH);
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

48. analogWrite() Writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin.
Can be used to light a LED at varying brightnesses or drive a motor at various speeds.
After a call to analogWrite(), the pin will generate a steady square wave of the specified duty cycle until the next call to analogWrite() (or a call to digitalRead() or digitalWrite() on the same pin).
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

49. analogWrite() The frequency of the PWM signal is approximately 490 Hz.
On Arduino Duemilanove boards this function works on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 (marked with “PWM”.)
analogWrite(pin, value)
Where:
pin: the pin to write to.
value: the duty cycle: between 0 (always off) and 255 (always on).
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

50. Example 07a PWM. LED fading /* Fading
This example shows how to fade an LED using the analogWrite() function.
The circuit: LED attached from digital pin 9 to ground. */
int ledPin = 9; // LED connected to digital pin 9
void setup() {
// nothing happens in setup }
void loop()
for(int fadeValue = 0 ; fadeValue <= 255; fadeValue++) // fade in from min to max in increments
analogWrite(ledPin, fadeValue); // sets the value (range from 0 to 255)
delay(2); // wait for x milliseconds to see the dimming effect
for(int fadeValue = 255 ; fadeValue >= 0; fadeValue--) // fade out from max to min in increments
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

51. Connection LEDs on pins 9 is controlled by a potentiometer LED Push
15 KOhm
LED
220 Ohm
Push
button
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
+5V
+5V
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

52. Example 07b PWM. LED fading
/* LEDs on pins 9 is controlled by a potentiometer
Demonstrates one techinque for calibrating sensor input. The sensor readings during the first five seconds of the sketch execution define the minimum and maximum of expected values attached to the sensor pin.
The sensor minumum and maximum initial values may seem backwards. Initially, you set the minimum high and listen for anything lower, saving it as the new minumum. Likewise, you set the maximum low and listen for anything higher as the new maximum.
The circuit:
* Potentiometer (or analog sensor) is attached to analog input 0
* LED attached from digital pin 9 to ground */
const int sensorPin = 1; // pin that the sensor is attached to
const int ledPin = 9; // pin that the LED is attached to
int sensorValue = 0; // the sensor value
int sensorMin = 1023; // minimum sensor value
int sensorMax = 0; // maximum sensor value
void setup() { // turn on LED to signal the start of the calibration period:
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
while (millis() < 5000) { // calibrate during the first five seconds
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
if (sensorValue > sensorMax) { // record the maximum sensor value
sensorMax = sensorValue; }
if (sensorValue < sensorMin) { // record the minimum sensor value
sensorMin = sensorValue;
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // signal the end of the calibration period
void loop() {
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the sensor:
sensorValue = map(sensorValue, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 255); // apply the calibration to the sensor reading
sensorValue = constrain(sensorValue, 0, 255); // in case the sensor value is outside the range seen during calibration
analogWrite(ledPin, sensorValue); // fade the LED using the calibrated value:
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

53. Connection Ping Sensor is connected: +V is attached to +5V
GND is attached to ground
SIG is attached to digital pin 4
PING
SIG
GND
+5V
15 KOhm
LED
220 Ohm
Push
button
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
+5V
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

54. Example 08 PING sensor /* Ping Sensor
This sketch reads a PING))) ultrasonic rangefinder and returns the
distance to the closest object in range. To do this, it sends a pulse
to the sensor to initiate a reading, then listens for a pulse
to return. The length of the returning pulse is proportional to
the distance of the object from the sensor.
The circuit:
* +V connection of the PING))) attached to +5V
* GND connection of the PING))) attached to ground
* SIG connection of the PING))) attached to digital pin 4 */
const int pingPin = 4; // pin number of the sensor's output:
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // initialize serial communication }
void loop()
// establish variables for duration of the ping,
// and the distance result in inches and centimeters:
long duration, inches, cm;
// The PING is triggered by a HIGH pulse of 2 or more microseconds.
// Give a short LOW pulse beforehand to ensure a clean HIGH pulse:
pinMode(pingPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(pingPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(5);
// The same pin is used to read the signal from the PING))): a HIGH
// pulse whose duration is the time (in microseconds) from the sending
// of the ping to the reception of its echo off of an object.
pinMode(pingPin, INPUT);
duration = pulseIn(pingPin, HIGH); // Reads a pulse (either HIGH or LOW) on a pin.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

55. Example 08 PING sensor (continued) // convert the time into a distance
inches = microsecondsToInches(duration);
cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);
Serial.print(inches);
Serial.print("in, ");
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.print("cm");
Serial.println();
delay(100); }
long microsecondsToInches(long microseconds) {
// According to Parallax's datasheet for the PING))), there are
// microseconds per inch (i.e. sound travels at 1130 feet per
// second). This gives the distance travelled by the ping, outbound
// and return, so we divide by 2 to get the distance of the obstacle.
// See:
return microseconds / 74 / 2;
long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds)
// The speed of sound is 340 m/s or 29 microseconds per centimeter.
// The ping travels out and back, so to find the distance of the
// object we take half of the distance travelled.
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

56. Connection
Temperature sensor LM35DZ
+5V
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

57. Example 09 LM35DZ temperature sensor
// LM35DZ Temperature Sensor for Arduino.
// (cc) by Daniel Spillere Andrade ,
int pin = 0; // analog input pin
int tempc = 0,tempf=0; // temperature variables
int samples[8]; // variables to make a better precision
int maxi = -100,mini = 100; // to start max/min temperature
int i;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // start serial communication }
void loop()
for(i = 0; i<=7; i++)
{ // gets 8 samples of temperature
samples[i] = ( 5.0 * analogRead(pin) * 100.0) / ;
tempc = tempc + samples[i];
delay(10);
tempc = tempc/8; // better precision
tempf = (tempc * 9)/ ; // converts to fahrenheit
if(tempc > maxi) {maxi = tempc;} // set max temperature
if(tempc < mini) {mini = tempc;} // set min temperature
Serial.print(tempc,DEC);
Serial.print(" Celsius, ");
Serial.print(tempf,DEC);
Serial.print(" fahrenheit -> ");
Serial.print(maxi,DEC);
Serial.print(" Max, ");
Serial.print(mini,DEC);
Serial.println(" Min");
tempc = 0;
delay(1000); // delay before loop
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

58. Connection Sharp LM35DZ IR light detector and IR LED Sharp IS471FE +5V2 1
+5V
IR LED
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

59. Example 10 Sharp IS471FE IR sensor
/* Sharp LM35DZ IR light detector with built-in signal processing sircuit for light modulation
Circuit:
Leg 1 is connected to Vcc (+5V)
Leg 2 is connected to digital pin 6
Leg 3 is connected to ground
Leg 4 is connected to negative terminal of IR LED
Positive terminal of IR LED is connected to Vcc (+5V) */
const int IR_SENSOR_PIN = 6;
const int ledPin = 13;
int IR_SENSOR_STATE = 0;
void setup() {
pinMode(IR_SENSOR_PIN, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); }
void loop()
IR_SENSOR_STATE = digitalRead(IR_SENSOR_PIN);
if (IR_SENSOR_STATE == LOW)
Serial.println("No object");
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
else
Serial.println("Object detected");
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(100);
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

60. Pseudo Code Start of program Measure temperature
Is temperature < 100 F ?
Yes, Turn on heat
Is temperature > 102 F ?
Yes, Turn on cooling fan
Go back to start.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

61. Flow Chart Start Measure Temperature Temp. < 100 Yes
Energize Heater No
Temp. > 102
Yes
Energize Fan No
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

62. Sequential Flow Example
Pseudo-Code:
Start of program
Turn off LED 1
Turn off LED 2
Pause for 2 seconds
Light LED 1
Light LED 2
End of program
Flowchart:
Start
Turn OFF LED1
Turn OFF LED2
2 Second Pause
Turn ON LED1
Turn ON LED2
End
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

63. Looping Flow Example Pseudo-Code: Flowchart: Start of program
Turn off LED 1
Turn off LED 2
Pause for 2 seconds
Light LED 1
Light LED 2
Go back to start
Flowchart:
Start
Turn OFF LED1
Turn OFF LED2
2 Second Pause
Turn ON LED1
Turn ON LED2
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

64. “IF-THEN” Example: Alarm
This program will sound the alarm as long as pushbutton 1 is pressed.
Pseudo-Code
Flowchart
Start:
Is button 1 pressed?
Yes, Go sound Alarm
No, Go back to start
Alarm:
Sound speaker
Go back to start of program
Button 1 Pressed
Main
Speaker 2000Hz for 1 second
True
False
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

65. References http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HomePage
-- an introduction to programming, input / output, communication, etc. using Arduino
-- Programming Language Reference
-- Arduino forum
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

66. Connection PING LED SIG GND Push button +5V +5V
15 KOhm
LED
SIG
220 Ohm
Push
button
GND
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
+5V
+5V
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov

67. Wiring diagram PIR Motion sensor 9 V battery LED LED LED OUT Note:
15 KOhm
9 V battery
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
220 Ohm
LED
PIR
Motion
sensor
220 Ohm
LED
LED
15 KOhm
OUT
Note:
Push
button
- is connection to negative pole of the battery
Buzzer
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov