1. Chapter4: Ferdinand T ö nnies Main points A Biographical Sketch The system of the sociology Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (1855-1936)

2. Learning Objectives Distinct the Ferdinand T ö nnies ‘ s community and society. Distinct the Ferdinand T ö nnies ‘ s community and society. The student will describe the features found in his/her local/personal community. The student will describe the features found in his/her local/personal community. The student will list and describe various communities found in a society. The student will list and describe various communities found in a society. Using the interviews to understand the life between rural and urban. Using the interviews to understand the life between rural and urban.

3. A Biographical Sketch 1855,born,26 July,Oldenswort in the duchy of Schleswig.( 德国施勒斯维希 _ 霍尔施泰因地区. 1855,born,26 July,Oldenswort in the duchy of Schleswig.( 德国施勒斯维希 _ 霍尔施泰因地区. 1865,his family moved to Husum( 胡苏姆 ),where his father took up merchant banking. 1865,his family moved to Husum( 胡苏姆 ),where his father took up merchant banking. 1867,he entered the local grammar school,studied Greek,Latin and German calssical literature. 1867,he entered the local grammar school,studied Greek,Latin and German calssical literature. 1871-77,studied at the universities of Strasbourg( 斯 特拉斯堡 ), Jena( 耶拿 ), Leipzig( 莱比锡 ), Berlin( 波恩 ), Kiel and Tubingen( 图宾根 ). 1871-77,studied at the universities of Strasbourg( 斯 特拉斯堡 ), Jena( 耶拿 ), Leipzig( 莱比锡 ), Berlin( 波恩 ), Kiel and Tubingen( 图宾根 ). 1881,An early version of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft submitted as his Habilitationsschrift at university of Kiel. 1881,An early version of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft submitted as his Habilitationsschrift at university of Kiel. 1887,first edition of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was published. 1887,first edition of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was published. 1913,his first permanent chair,a professorship of “economic political science”,at the university of Kiel. 1913,his first permanent chair,a professorship of “economic political science”,at the university of Kiel. 1932,joined the social democratic party to support resistance to the rise of fascism. 1932,joined the social democratic party to support resistance to the rise of fascism. 1936,he died in Kiel. 1936,he died in Kiel.

4. The outline of the Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Book one: a general classification of key ideas Book one: a general classification of key ideas Section 1:the theory of Gemeinschaft Section 1:the theory of Gemeinschaft Section 2:the theory of Gesellschaft Section 2:the theory of Gesellschaft Book two: natural will and rational will Book two: natural will and rational will Section 1:the forms of human will Section 1:the forms of human will Section 2:explanation of the dichotomy Section 2:explanation of the dichotomy Section 3:practical implications Section 3:practical implications Book three:the sociological basis of natural law Book three:the sociological basis of natural law Section 1:definitions and propositions Section 1:definitions and propositions Section 2:the natural element in law Section 2:the natural element in law Section 3:inter-related forms of will _commonwealth and state Section 3:inter-related forms of will _commonwealth and state

5. Vocabulary Gemeinschaft: community Gemeinschaft: community Gesellschaft: society Gesellschaft: society Essential will( natural will )_arbitrary will ( rational will) Essential will( natural will )_arbitrary will ( rational will) Lasting_ transitory Lasting_ transitory Genuine_ superficial Genuine_ superficial Gemeinschaft of kinship Gemeinschaft of kinship Gemeinschaft of locality Gemeinschaft of locality Gemeinschaft of mind Gemeinschaft of mind Rural _urban Rural _urban Private law_law of nature Private law_law of nature Pure sociology ;applied sociology; empirical sociology Pure sociology ;applied sociology; empirical sociology

6. Community and society In 1887, Ferdinand Tonnies, a German sociologist, introduced in the West one of the more enduring and effective ways of understanding social change. He proposed that we understand social change by distinguishing between communities and societies. For him In 1887, Ferdinand Tonnies, a German sociologist, introduced in the West one of the more enduring and effective ways of understanding social change. He proposed that we understand social change by distinguishing between communities and societies. For him

7. 1) Gemeinschaft (community): characterized country village, people in rural village have an essential unity of purpose, work together for the common good, united by ties of family (kinship) and neighbourhood, land worked communally by inhabitants, social life characterized by intimate, private and exclusive living together, members bound by common language and traditions, recognized common goods and evils, common friends and enemies, sense of we- ness or our-ness, humane 1) Gemeinschaft (community): characterized country village, people in rural village have an essential unity of purpose, work together for the common good, united by ties of family (kinship) and neighbourhood, land worked communally by inhabitants, social life characterized by intimate, private and exclusive living together, members bound by common language and traditions, recognized common goods and evils, common friends and enemies, sense of we- ness or our-ness, humane

8. 2) Gesellschaft (association): characterized large city, city life is a mechanical aggregate characterized by disunity, rampant individualism and selfishness, meaning of existence shifts from group to individual, rational, calculating, each person understood in terms of a particular role and service provided; deals with the artificial construction of an aggregate of human beings which superficially resembles the Gemeinschaft in so far as the individuals peacefully live together yet whereas in Gemeinschaft people are united in spite of all separating factors, in Gesellschaft people are separated in spite of all uniting factors 2) Gesellschaft (association): characterized large city, city life is a mechanical aggregate characterized by disunity, rampant individualism and selfishness, meaning of existence shifts from group to individual, rational, calculating, each person understood in terms of a particular role and service provided; deals with the artificial construction of an aggregate of human beings which superficially resembles the Gemeinschaft in so far as the individuals peacefully live together yet whereas in Gemeinschaft people are united in spite of all separating factors, in Gesellschaft people are separated in spite of all uniting factors

9. There are three types of Gemeinschaft relationships: Kinship, Friendship, and Neighborhood or Locality There are three types of Gemeinschaft relationships: Kinship, Friendship, and Neighborhood or Locality 1.1) Kinship Gemeinschaft is based on Family; the strongest relationship being between mother and child, then husband and wife, and then siblings. Gemeinschaft also exists between father and child, but this relationship is less instinctual than that of mother and child. However, the father-child relationship is the original manifestation of authority within Gemeinschaft. 1.1) Kinship Gemeinschaft is based on Family; the strongest relationship being between mother and child, then husband and wife, and then siblings. Gemeinschaft also exists between father and child, but this relationship is less instinctual than that of mother and child. However, the father-child relationship is the original manifestation of authority within Gemeinschaft. 1.2) Kinship develops and differentiates into the Gemeinschaft of Locality, which is based on a common habitat 1.2) Kinship develops and differentiates into the Gemeinschaft of Locality, which is based on a common habitat 1.3) There is also Friendship, or Gemeinschaft of the mind, which requires a common mental community (eg: religion). 1.3) There is also Friendship, or Gemeinschaft of the mind, which requires a common mental community (eg: religion).

10. Gemeinschaft (traditional small community) –People cooperate with each other very closely –This behavior being determined by kinship ties –This behavior reinforced by the social controls of their neighbors and of the church

11. Gesellschaft (modern urban society) Individuals act for their own self-interest Individuals act for their own self-interest –Cooperating only as much as required by  Laws  Contracts  Public opinion that constrains their actions In the society of his time, he perceived that small, close, traditional family-oriented communities were being gradually superseded ( 代替 )by large and impersonal cities.

12. community Spontaneous Closeness of holistic social relationships said to be found in pre - industrial communities. and associated with moral worth. Spontaneous Closeness of holistic social relationships said to be found in pre - industrial communities. and associated with moral worth. Exists by the subjective or essential will of the members : ”the very existence of Gemeinschaft rests in the consciousness of belonging together and the affirmation of the condition of mutual dependence” Exists by the subjective or essential will of the members : ”the very existence of Gemeinschaft rests in the consciousness of belonging together and the affirmation of the condition of mutual dependence” community based on mutual aid and trust –”shared togetherness” community based on mutual aid and trust –”shared togetherness” E. g. families, neighbourhoods E. g. families, neighbourhoods communities were units in which people lived together and were characterized by intimacy and privacy. communities were units in which people lived together and were characterized by intimacy and privacy.

13. Examples of communities were the family, kinship groups, friendship networks, and neighborhoods. Examples of communities were the family, kinship groups, friendship networks, and neighborhoods. There exists a community of language of folkways, or mores, or of beliefs. There exists a community of language of folkways, or mores, or of beliefs. there exists a community of ownship in fields, forest, and pasture. there exists a community of ownship in fields, forest, and pasture. community is old, in rural, people is stronger and more alive ; it is the lasting and genuine form of living together. community is old, in rural, people is stronger and more alive ; it is the lasting and genuine form of living together. there are three community : community of locality ; community of mind ; community of kinship. there are three community : community of locality ; community of mind ; community of kinship.

14. society. Refers to the more instrumental. purposeful types of relationship typical of industrial society Objective society or association where “reference is only to the objective fact of a unity based on common traits and activities and other external phenomena” Based on rational or arbitrary will that includes rationality, individualism and emotional disengagement e. g. ethnic community, community of speech. community of work There exists in the realm of business, travel, or sciences. so of special importance are the commercial community. socity is transitory and superficial, as a mechanical aggergate Societies, were " identified with the city, and is an artificial construction of an aggregate of human beings." socity is transitory and superficial, as a mechanical aggergate Societies, were " identified with the city, and is an artificial construction of an aggregate of human beings." It is characterized by competition and impersonality and artifact. Unlike a community, in a society a person may work in one part of the city, go to church in another part, shop in a third section, have friends who live in a fourth part, children go to school in a fifth area, and live in sixth area. Unlike a community, in a society a person may work in one part of the city, go to church in another part, shop in a third section, have friends who live in a fourth part, children go to school in a fifth area, and live in sixth area.

16. Distinction between community and society is important in understanding the complex confusion of ideas around community studies. Distinction between community and society is important in understanding the complex confusion of ideas around community studies. Underlies almost all sociological debate in this field. Underlies almost all sociological debate in this field. Concept of community is fundamental to the world. Concept of community is fundamental to the world.

17. Assessment