1. Indo-European (4000 BCE – 1000 BCE) VJ Servera, Nathaniel Dwarika, and Zach Gunnz A Brief History (Migration):

2. The purple section is the region that the Indo- Europeans covered. This map shows the Indo- Europeans in relation to major groups such as the Uralic and Altaic peoples. This map shows the estimated spread and origin of the Indo-European languages. The probable origin is believed to be in Anatolia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Then it spread outwards in almost all directions. This chart called the August Schleicher's Family Tree shows the relationships between the Indo-European languages as depicted on the branches of the tree. They are all believed to have started from the Proto-Indo- European language, which is commonly abbreviated as PIE. Maps/ Charts/ Images Concerning Indo-European Migration

3. This map shows the Indo-European languages across various countries. This is the believed spread of these languages at 3000 BCE. The extent clearly shows that the Indo-European languages encompassed a large group ranging from Iceland to parts of India. This chart shows the origins and branches of the Indo-European languages. All originate from the Proto-Indo-European language. There are numerous languages, some of which are no longer spoken.

4. This chart compares words across various languages that belong to the Indo-European group.

5. Chronology 4000 BCE – 3500 BCE: 4000 BCE – 3500 BCE: Proto-Indo-European areal dialects being to form into two dialectal groups: - Group 1) future Venetic, Illyrian, Anatolian, Tocharic, Italic and Celtic groups. - Group 2) Indo-Iranian, Greek, Baltic, Slavic, Germanic, Armenian, and Thraco-Phrygian languages. 3500 BCE: 3500 BCE: The Anatolian subgroup suddenly begins to move apart and migrates to the Asia Minor. 2500 BCE: 2500 BCE: The Indo-Europeans first appear in Europe. 2250 BCE: 2250 BCE: The Achaeans (first Hellenic tribes) arrive in Greece. 2100 BCE: 2100 BCE: The Hittites and Luwians (part of the Anatolian branch) begin to settle in East Asia Minor. 2100 BCE: 2100 BCE: Celtic tribes begin to arrive in Europe. 2000 BCE: 2000 BCE: Italic tribes begin to settle in Italy. 2000 BCE: 2000 BCE: Doric Greek tribes begin to settle in Illyria (northern Balkans). 1900 BCE: 1900 BCE: Mycenae (the first Indo-European civilization in Europe) is founded by Achaeans in Greece. 1700 BCE: 1700 BCE: Aryans invade North India and destroy Mohenjo-Daro (Harappa city settlement). 1700 BCE – 1350 BCE: 1700 BCE – 1350 BCE: The Aryans settle as one of the nations of the Mitanni Empire. 1600 BCE: 1600 BCE: The Old Hittite Kingdom is founded and developed. 1475 BCE: 1475 BCE: The Indo-European Achaeans invade and conquer Eastern Crete, and this sparks the beginning of wide Hellenic expansion in the Mediterranean. 1450 BCE: 1450 BCE: The Hittites unite vast Anatolian lands into the New Hittite Kingdom.

6. Chronology Continued 1400 BCE: 1400 BCE: The Celts first arrive in Spain and mainly occupy the northern regions. 1400 BCE: 1400 BCE: The Achaeans begin to appear on Cyprus. 1400 BCE: 1400 BCE: The Slavs become an independent ethnic group and settle between the Oder and Dnieper rivers. 1300 BCE: 1300 BCE: The Illyrians begin to migrate south from Pannonia (modern Hungary) to Dalmatia (modern Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia) 1250 BCE: 1250 BCE: Phrygians from the Balkans begin to enter the Asia Minor, and a chain reaction of migrations begin. 1250 BCE: 1250 BCE: The Baltic peoples begin to migrate northwards and eastwards. 1230 BCE: 1230 BCE: The “Sea Peoples” (included Achaeans) destroy the Hittite Kingdom and begin to invade Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. 1200 BCE: 1200 BCE: Achaeans begin to migrate to Crete, Cyprus, and the Asia Minor. 1200 BCE: 1200 BCE: Celts gradually become the most powerful nation in Northern Europe and spread over France (Gaul), Germany, Low Countries, the Alps, and even the Iberian peninsula. 1200 BCE: 1200 BCE: The Illyrians begin to arrive in South Italy. 1200 BCE: 1200 BCE: Doric tribes (the Hellenic group of the Indo-European family) begin migrating south from the Balkans and invade Greece and soon destroy the Mycenaean civilization. 1100 BCE: 1100 BCE: The Thracian people arrive in the Balkans, and a new wave of Italics arrive in Italy. 1000 BCE: 1000 BCE: Indo European groups begin to move into the Ganges plain.

7. India

8. India Continued Migration of Aryans through Europe, into India, and Asia.

9. Europe

10. Europe Continued

11. Celtic Migration through Europe and India, to Southeast Asia

12. Change Over Time From early beginnings (4000-3500 BCE), The Proto-Indo-European language begins to change, and it divides and separates into two primary areal dialects due to the development of lexical differences over time. Certain branches, such as the Anatolian branch and several other Indo-Europeans, begin to migrate outwards from Central Asia, specifically to locations in Asia Minor and Europe. These migrations possibly occurred due to the pursuit of settlement or due to the continuation of dialectal divisions. Indo-European migration progressed further and more Indo-Europeans were moving east and west; Europe was even penetrated by two routes: from the Asia Minor via the Aegean Sea and southern Balkans; from the Steppes north to the Black Sea, then to the northern Balkans. The possible reasons for this form of migration was because the routes were passable and some Indo-Europeans wanted to find new areas to settle in. By around 2000 BCE, Indo-European migration expands further (Achaeans migrate westward, the Hittites and Luwians migrate further east, Celtics migrate westward into Europe, Italic tribes migrate southwestward into Italy, and Doric tribes migrate in the northern Balkans). The Indo-European branches become more defined, and the possible reason for the continuation of migration/expansion was for some, because of conquest, curiosity, and for settlement purposes. Around 1900 BCE, a noteworthy occurrence is the foundation of Mycenae by the Achaeans, which would give name to the first Indo-European civilization in Europe. This developed so quickly due to constant influence from sea trade and city development.

13. Change Over Time Continued From Central Asia, the Aryan migration continued, and they migrated further southeastward and penetrated India from the Iranian and Afghani steppes via the Gindukush mountains. This most probably occurred due to invasion. Around 1475 BCE, the Indo-European expansion and migration continued outward, and the Indo-European Achaeans invaded and conquered Eastern Crete which sparked the beginning of wide Hellenic expansion in the Mediterranean. The most probable reason of their outward expansion was probably because of conquest. Around 1400 BCE, outward migration and expansion still continues, for the Celts continue to migrate through Europe (Spain), and Achaeans begin to appear on Cyprus. The possible reason for these migrations was because of future settlement due to a growing population, and due to the fact that Cyprus was rich and prosperous. hope of future settlement, invasion, economic problems, and conquest. Around 1300-1200 BCE, Indo Europeans continue to migrate outwards: Illyrians, Phrygians, and Doric tribes migrate south, the Baltic peoples migrate northwards and eastwards, Achaeans migrate around Crete, Cyprus, and the Asia Minor, and most importantly, the Celts become powerful in northern Europe, since they spread over France (Gaul), Germany, Low Countries, the Alps, and even the Iberian peninsula. The possible reasons for the continuation of these outward migrations was possibly due to a growing population, the hope of future settlement, invasion, economic problems, and conquest. Indo-European migration still continues outward, and around 1000 BCE, Indo European groups begin to move into the Ganges plain. Indo-European migration still continues outward, and around 1000 BCE, Indo European groups begin to move into the Ganges plain.

14. Change Over Time Diagrams Areal Dialect Group 1 VeneticIllyrianAnatolianTocharicItalicCeltic Areal Dialect Group 2 Indo- Iranian GreekBalticSlavicGermanicArmenian Thraco- Phyrgian This is a Mind Map of the Proto-Indo-European language separating into two primary areal dialect groups. (4000-3500 BCE) Proto-Indo European Language

15. Change Over Time Map This is a Change Over Time Map that illustrates the outward expansion of Indo-European migration during various time periods from the origin.

16. Comparisons The impacts of the Indo-European Aryan and Celtic civilizations led way to the development of life today. The Aryans and Celtics were both civilizations that became agriculturalists rather than nomads. As agriculturalists, both civilizations were able to settle down on land and advance as a civilization. As both civilizations expanded, their impact increased. The Aryan civilization was very war-like and conquered many of its enemies and expanded into parts of Europe, India, and Asia. Aryans in India pushed the Dravidians, who were natives, down into southern India. As a result, the Aryans lived in North India while the Dravidians lived in the south, which is still in affect to this day. The Celtics also claimed land, and expanded in Europe toward India, and parts of Asia. The Celtics influenced Europe with their religion. Parts of Celtic religion was believed to be “magical”. As a result countries such as Ireland that was once ruled by the Celtics are known for magic and luck. Aryan religion which was Rig Veda, was similar to Hinduism which developed later. Rig Veda is believed to have influenced concepts of Hinduism. In both civilizations agriculture led to advancements in irrigation and allowed for people to develop special skills, such as artisans and craftsmen. Both civilizations also had similar military advancements which led way for post-civilizations to improve upon. Bronze weapons and armor was used in the military as well as chariots. Horseback riding also was a military advancement which helped both civilizations to conquer their enemies.

17. Venn Diagram Comparison Celtic Impact to Regions Aryan Impact to Regions Both Religion spread throughout the regions and many people converted. Aryan culture survived over time and continuing through the present. Has a lasting impact. Celtics literature and history were destroyed over time. Was passed down orally. Descendants to these civilizations can be traced back through countries across Europe and Asia. Aryans were unified in regions. Celtics continuously fought among each other. Influenced Hinduism.

18. Comparison Continued IMPACTS On Regions Aryan Celtics ReligionPoliticsMilitary ReligionPolitics Military This mind map shows a relationship between how religion, politics, and the military create an impact on regions. The Indo-European civilizations Aryans and Celtics all possessed these qualities which led to a lasting impact on other civilizations and regions.

19. Indo-Europeans and Today The Indo-European languages are understood to be one of the largest language groups of today. Their presence can be seen all throughout various countries on both hemispheres of the globe.

20. Indo-Europeans and Tripartition Tripartition Tripartition is the division of things into or among threes. The Indo-European societies were very fond of this and many aspects were divided into three sections. Examples of this are as follows: Indo-European Society: - Priests - Warriors - Farmers/Cultivators Indo-European beliefs on the Fundamental Elements of the Universe: - Sky - Sea - Earth Today many things in our society are divided into threes as well, and we can see these in such things as: - ready, set, go - beginning, middle, end - God, Son, Holy Ghost - child, man, elder and many others. This tripartition can be seen universally and is believed to have its origins in early Indo-European society.

21. Indo-European Language The Indo-European group came from the Proto-Indo-European group. As time went on, the base language spread and formed multiple dialects to the regions. These dialects began to form individual languages separate from the base. This group split into the various branches which now form the Indo-European group. These branches are: Albanian Anatolian (languages of Asia Minor, including Hittite - now extinct) Armenian Balto-Slavic (Lithuanian, Latvian; Russian, Polish, Czech, etc.) Celtic (Irish, Welsh, many extinct European languages including Gaulish) Germanic (German, English, Dutch, Scandinavian languages) Hellenic (Greek) Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, etc.; Old Persian, Farsi, Kurdish, etc.) Italic (Latin and its descendants French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) Tocharian (a pair of extinct languages of Central Asia)

22. Indo-European Language Continued The Indo-European languages encompass several hundred related languages and dialects. Of the top twenty spoken languages today, twelve belong to the Indo-European language family. The Indo-European language family has 12 languages and over 1.7 billion native speakers. These languages are Spanish, English, Bengali, Hindi, Portuguese, Russian, German, French, Marathi, Italian, Urdu, and Punjab. As of today, it is the largest recognized language group in the world.

23. Credits VJ Servera: VJ Servera: - - Chronology of Indo-European Migration (4000 BCE – 1000 BCE) - Change Over Time with Diagrams and Maps Nathaniel Dwarika: Nathaniel Dwarika: - Maps, Charts, and Images of Indo-European Migration - Role in Today’s World Zach Gunnz: Zach Gunnz: - Spread and Impact on Regions (PIRATES) - Comparisons