1. Presentation by: Ana Leonardo (49081) and Francisca Felix (50287) Master students in Aquaculture and Fisheries, Algarve University

2. Obstacles Advantages control artificial reproduction; control mating; Difficulties of hatching and feeding larvae and fry. High fertility; External fertilization; Low expenses for broodstock maintenance; More efficient breeding programmes design.

3. Examples of phenotypic traits of economic importance Food conversion efficiency Growth rate Age at sexual maturity Survival/disease resistance Body quality Fecundity

4. Breeding strategies Inbreeding Crossbreeding Purebreeding

5. Inbreeding “It is as important to prevent production losses due to inbreeding, as it is to increase production from genetic enhancement.” (Dunham et al., 2001)

6. Pure breeding

7. Sex manipulation

8. Main problems Environmental Research Economic and consumer issues Political issues Ethics

9. 65% of all the salmon and rainbow trout produced in Norway is genetically improved fish.

10. Norway

11. Gene bank in Norway

12. Programs for conservation and/or harvest

13. Mixed-milt fertilizations

14. Wild-breeding Captive-breeding

15. In wild Salmo salar populations

16. Problems in river management Impact in wild populations

17. Genetic profile of wild populations Decreases populations productivity

18. Tummel River’s Case Impact in Fisheries

19. Final concerns New informations of breeding consequences will be provided as generations of Salmo salar and Oncorynchus mykiss appear; Efforts to avoid the escape of farmed fish must be made; New alternatives must arrise, since many exploration sites still use milt- mixed fertilizations. THANKS

20. References Dunham, R. (1996). Results of early pond-based studies of risk assessment regarding aquatic GMOs. 126th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, Dearborn, MI, August 26-29 1996. Abstract No. 381; Dunham, R.A., Majumdar, K., Hallerman, E., Bartley, D., Mair, G., Hulata, G., Liu, Z., Pongthana, N., Bakos, J., Penman, D., Gupta, M., Rothlisberg, P. & Hoerstgen-Schwark, G. (2001). Review of the status of aquaculture genetics. In R.P. Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, S.E. McGladdery & J.R. Arthur, eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20- 25 February 2000. pp. 137-166. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome; Monahan, R. L. (1993). An Overview Of Salmon Aquaculture. In Salmon Aquaculture, edited by K. Heen, R. L. Monahan and F. Utter, 1-9. England: Fishing News Books. Myhr, A.I. & Dalmo, R.A. (2004). Introduction of genetic engineering in aquaculture: ecological and ethical implications for science and governance. Aquaculture 250: 542-554; Rudolfsen, G., Figenschou, L., Folstad, I., Tveiten, H., Figenschou, M., (2006). Rapid adjustments of sperm characteristics in relation to social status. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273: 325–332; Shearer, W.M. (1992). The Atlantic Salmon: Natural History, Exploitation and Future Management. Fishing News Book; Wedekind, C., Rudolfsen, G., Jacob, A., Urbach, D. & Muller, R. (2007). The genetic consequences of hatchery-induced sperm competition in a salmonid. Biological conservation 137: 180-188;