1. Development and health
What do you need to know?

2. By the end of the unit you should know the following:
That development is measured by social, economic and composite methods
Recognise that differences in levels of development exist between and within countries.
Understand the reasons why these differences in development exist.
Understand the human and physical factors involved in the levels of health and the incidence of disease
Understand one water related disease
Strategies for improving health and the control of disease and their impact.

3. Development

4. What is development?
Development is any improvement in the standard of living of people within a country.

5. Dividing the world
The world can be divided up in a number of ways. (geographically, politically, climate)
In this unit we will look at the division due to development stages
There are two categories of development:
- More economically developed countries (MEDC)
- Less economically developed countries (LEDC)

6. MEDC
This includes countries such as Britain, America, Japan and many more
These countries are seen to have a better standard of living for their population.
They have a developed industry base. With many industries in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
They have a high human development index

7. LEDC
This includes countries such as brazil, Ethiopia, Bangladesh and many more.
They have a relatively low standard of living
They tend to have a underdeveloped industrial base
They have moderate to low Human development index.
Often widespread poverty in the country

8. Measuring development
There is a number of ways in which to measure development.
You can use:
- Social indicators
- Economic indicators
- Combined indicators

9. What are economic indicators?
These are indicators that measure the wealth and industrialization of a country

10. Economic indicators GNP/GDP per capita = Per person
Gross National Product (GNP)
This is the value of all goods produced, services provided in a country and services earned abroad in one year.
People employed in agriculture
A country where most people work in agriculture has very little industry. This means the wealth of the country is limited
GNP/GDP per capita = Per person
Energy per person
The energy used in a country divided by the number of people in that country. Countries with a higher standard of living and industries will use more energy.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
This is the value of all goods produced, services provided in a country in a year.

11. The world divided by Gross Domestic product
Notice how America and Europe dominate this map, along with Japan (yes – that huge dark-green island on the right really is Japan), while Africa dwindles almost to invisibility.

12. Problems with economic indicators
Wealth may not always be evenly spread
Wealth does not equate to quality of life
Indicators are an average for a country
One indicator doesn’t give enough information
Wealth needs to be taken in respect of what can be bought for that money.

13. What are social indicators?
Social indicators show how a country uses its wealth to improve the lives of its people.

14. Social indicators Death rate
The number of people who die for every 1000 people who live in the country.
Adult literacy
The number of adults who can read in every 1000 of the population
Life expectancy
The number of years on average that people live.
Calories per person
The average number of calories consumed by each person per day.
Other indicators include:
- Protein per person per day
- Population per doctor
- Infant mortality

15. The world divided by child mortality
Notice how the African continent becomes inflated while the USA shrinks.

16. Problems with social indicators
One indicator does not provide enough information
Indicators disguise variations
Indicators do not take in to account specific circumstances

17. Quick questions
Why do you think that calories per person per day might be misleading?
What might death rate hide to give a misleading figure?

18. Combined indicators There are two main combined indicators
-Physical quality of life indicator (PQLI)
- Human development index (HDI)

19. Physical quality of life indicator
This is a combination of three social factors:
- Life expectancy
- Infant mortality
- Adult literacy
This gives a number from
A PQLI of over 77 is consider good

20. Human development indicator
This is a combination of social and economic factors:
- Life expectancy Cost of living
- Adult literacy School enrolment
- GNP per capita
This produces an index from 0 – 1
A number of 0.8 or above is considered developed

21. The world divided by HDI

22. Inequalities through out he world
The world is divided in to developed and developing regions.
This done my using social, economic and combined factors to measure the level of development.

23. MEDCs and LEDCs are not all equal
Within MEDCs some will have greater GNP than others
Within LEDCs infant mortality will be higher in some than others.

24. Reasons for inequalities
There are a number of reasons why development is uneven throughout the world.
- Trade
- Population growth
- Industrialisation
- Political turmoil
- Physical factors

25. Trade Exchanging one thing for another
This can lead to a trade surplus or deficit
This can be complicated by trade barriers

26. Population growth
This can cause problems as a developing nation cannot provide jobs, houses and medical facilities for the population.
This is because the economy is not strong enough to cope with this change.

27. Industrialisation A move to become an industrial society
Greater capital accumulation
The role of Multi National Companies (MNC)
Case study: South Korea – a newly industrialised country (NIC)

28. Political turmoil
Unstable governments can lead to civil war which restricts development
Corruption in governments means money is not directed to where it should go.
Case study: Zimbabwe

29. Physical factors Every country has a different location
Amount of natural resources in a country varies
The climate in every country can vary.