1. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY (ARC 810) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State

2. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Climatic Data 1.Introduction 2.Collecting the Data 3.Dry bulb temperature 4.Humidity 5.The psychometric chart 6.Vapour pressure 7.Precipitation

3. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Climatic Data 8.Wind 9.Sunshine 10.Sky conditions 11.Other phenomena 12.Recording the data 13.Variations in climate

4. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 1. Introduction This chapter specifies the Climatic data required for Architectural design and how they should be presented. The data include Dry bulb Temperature, Humidity, Vapour pressure, Precipitation, Wind, Sky conditions and other phenomena.

5. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 2. Collecting The Data Points to be borne in mind during the collection of data are: Climatic data for one year is offered. The unit of measurement should be ascertained. Where necessary, conversions should be performed.

6. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 3. Dry Bulb Temperature Temperature readings are usually made in degrees Celsius(C) but sometimes in degrees Fahrenheit recorded with a minimum and maximum thermometer as well as a normal dry bulb thermometer. The soil-earth thermometer is used to measure the soil temperature.

7. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Plate x: Exterior of Stevenson’s screen Source: http://www.tsrye.fsnet.co.uk/stevensons.htm 3. Dry Bulb Temperature

8. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Plate x: Interior of Stevenson’s screen Source: http://www.tsrye.fsnet.co.uk/stevensons.htm 3. Dry Bulb Temperature

9. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Figure x: soil earth thermometer 3. Dry Bulb Temperature

10. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 4. Humidity The Humidity is usually measured with the wet-and-dry bulb hygrometer. A preferred instrument for the measurement of humidity is the hydrograph, which makes use of a revolving drum for the continuous recording of humidity levels.

11. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Figure x: Whirling Hygrometer 4. Humidity

12. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 5. Psychrometric Chart The psychrometric chart shows relationship between the dry bulb temperature, the wet bulb temperature and relative humidity or vapour pressure. The chart comprises of vertical lines representing dry bulb temperatures and curves for relative Humidity.

13. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 5. Psychrometric Chart Plate x: sling psychrometer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrometer

14. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 5. Psychrometric Chart Plate x: The interior of a Stevenson screen showing a motorized psychrometer. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrometer

15. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 5. Psychrometric Chart Figure x: The psychrometric chart

16. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 6. Vapour Pressure The vapour pressure is defined as the partial pressure of water vapour present in the air. When the air is saturated, the vapour pressure (Pv) is equal to the pressure of saturated vapour at the same temperature (Pvs).

17. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 7. Precipitation Precipitation refers to rain, snow, hail, dew and frost and is measured daily. Rainfall is measured with gauges in millimeters per hour, day or month. Types of recording rain guage are natural siphon and tilting siphon guage.

18. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 7. Precipitation Plate x: Natural siphon rainfall recorder Source: http://www.fairmonthweather.com

19. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 7. Precipitation Plate x: Natural siphon rainfall recorder chamber Source: http://www.fairmonthweather.com

20. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 8. Wind The wind velocity is measured by a cup type or propeller anemometer. The wind direction is measured by a wind vane. It spins on a rod and points in the direction from which the wind comes.

21. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 8. Wind Figure x: Diagrammatic representation of the wind vane

22. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Figure 3: Examples of wind roses 8. Wind

23. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 9. Sunshine A campbell stokes is a device used by meteorologists to record the actual duration of sunshine. It works by using the optically pure glass ball as a magnifying glass and burning a paper strip.

24. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Plate x: Campbell Stokes sunshine recorder 9. Sunshine

25. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 10. Sky Conditions The cloud cover refers to the presence or absence of clouds. The average monthly cloud cover is measured in percentages, eighths or tenths. The measurements are taken twice daily.

26. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 11. Other Phenomena The following may also be obtained from meteorological stations: The number of days with thunder. The number of days with frost. The number of days with hail. The duration and nature of earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes and dust-storms.

27. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 12. Recording The Data Climate data are recorded in forms, usually climate data sheets or climatic charts. Climate data sheets are used for recording the basic climatic data needed by a designer. Climatic charts are used for the graphical presentations of climatic data.

28. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 12. Recording The Data Figure 4: Climatic data sheet for Zaria

29. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Figure 4: Climatic chart for Zaria 12. Recording The Data

30. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 13. Variations In Climate Variations in climate are caused by: Differences in altitude. The coastal or inland nature of locations. Nearness to urban centers. Obstructions caused by ground cover and topography.