1. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Drug Testing in Sports

2. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Drug-Taking Behavior in Sports The use of performance-enhancing (ergogenic) drugs in athletic competition has a long history, dating from the original Olympic Games in ancient Greece. In the modern era, the principal type of performance-enhancing drugs has been anabolic steroids.

3. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 12.1

4. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Drug-Taking Behavior in Sports These synthetic drugs are all based on variations of the testosterone molecule. Since the late 1980s, anabolic steroids have been popular with body builders as well as competitive athletes.

5. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Drug-Taking Behavior in Sports This latter group typically takes steroids in enormous quantities and administers them in a largely unsupervised fashion. Recently, great concerns have been raised about the use of anabolic steroids, as well as other performance- enhancing drugs, in major league baseball.

6. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Hazards of Anabolic Steroids The hazards of steroid use include liver tumors, mood swings, and increased aggressiveness. For men, the effects include lower sperm count, enlargement of the breasts, atrophy of the testicles, baldness, and severe acne. For women, masculinizing changes occur, only some of which are reversible when steroids are withdrawn.

7. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 12.2

8. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Anabolic Steroid Abuse Since 1990, anabolic steroids have been classified as Schedule III controlled substances, making their possession and sale without a specific medical prescription illegal. In 2004, steroid precursors were added to the category of Schedule III controlled substances.

9. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Anabolic Steroid Abuse These drugs are now distributed through illicit black market channels. About 13 to 18 percent of individuals taking large doses of steroids develop both physical and psychological dependence.

10. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nonsteroid Hormones and Performance-Enhancing Supplements Human growth hormone (hGH) is a nonsteroid hormone that has been used for performance-enhancing purposes. Two dietary supplements, androstenedione and creatine, have been prominent recently as performanceenhancing aids.

11. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nonmedical Use of Stimulant Medication in Baseball Although amphetamines were officially banned in major league baseball (MLB) in 2005, for a long time players had been taking amphetamines to stay focused and ward off fatigue.

12. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nonmedical Use of Stimulant Medication in Baseball In 2007, an unusually large number of MLB players reported taking stimulant medications for ADHD treatment, raising suspicions that this was an effort to circumvent prohibitions against nonmedical stimulant use.

13. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Drug-Testing Procedures and Policies Drug-testing procedures, chiefly for those in organized athletics, have become increasingly sophisticated in their ability to detect the presence of banned substances.

14. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Drug-Testing Procedures and Policies Two major techniques, based either on urine or on oral-fluid (saliva) samples, are enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

15. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Drug-Testing Procedures and Policies The ultimate goal of drug-testing procedures is to make it impossible to yield either a false-negative or false- positive result. A sensitive test yields few false negatives, and a specific test yields few false positives.

16. © Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 12.3