1. Engineering
Systems of

2. Systems Engineering
An Introduction
M R Shankar

3. Outline What is “SE”? Why “SE”? Where it can be?
How “SE”?(A big question)
A Generic SE process

4. What is a ‘System’?
Electrical
Avionics
Hydraulics
Mechanical

5. What is a ‘System’?
A group of components that work together for a specified purpose
Components - products (hardware, software, firmware), processes, people, information, techniques, facilities, services and other support elements
Together – integration of many
Purpose – is achieved by implementing many functions

6. Emphasis on Technical systems
Other
Systems
Natural
Man made
Technical
Non – Technical
Aircraft
Missile …
Economic system
Societal systems …
Emphasis on Technical systems

7. Technical Systems Human-made artifacts
Result of engineering activities with the processes of engineering design
Difficult to classify systems based on technology like electrical system, mechanical system
Most present day systems are hybrids of simple systems of the past
An indication of the need to use inter-disciplinary approach

8. What is “Engineering”?
Knowledge of mathematical and natural sciences applied to utilize limited resources economically for the benefit of people
Scientific approach
Optimize resources
User/customer in focus
Classical Engineering focused mainly on product design

9. Systems Engineering (SE)
SE is an interdisciplinary approach and means to enable realization of successful systems
It is very quantitative including tradeoff, optimization, selection and integration of products from various engineering disciplines
It is more of an engineering discipline.

10. Why “SE” is needed
Complexity
Technical
Project

11. Wright Brothers Why “SE”?
Designed, Built and Flew the world’s first powered, controlled, heavier-than-air flight

12. Why “SE”?
ONE Chief Designer – TOTAL knowledge

13. “SE” is needed due to Technical complexity
High Complexity
Multidisciplinary
Cost & Time
“SE” is needed due to Technical complexity

14. Why “SE”? % Commitment to technology, configuration, cost etc 100 75
Cost incurred
System specific knowledge 50 25
Ease of change
Concept & prelim. design
Detail design & development
Production
Use, phase-out disposal

15. Ensures FINAL PRODUCT Fully Meets All User Requirements
Why SE (cont..)
More systematic way of development
Better control of System Development incl. management of risk, changes, configuration
Traceability at all levels
Operational & supportability aspects
Effectiveness Analysis
Risk management
Operational - Maintainability, Availability, Safety etc
Ensures FINAL PRODUCT Fully Meets All User Requirements

16. Where “SE”? All levels Organization level – for a project
Full fledged SE
Subsystem level
We aim at this level!!
Individual level
Systems thinking

17. Systems Engineering (SE)
Emphasis on
Top-down approach
Interdisciplinary approach
Effort on more complete definition of system requirements
Life cycle engineering approach

18. Emphasis in SE Top-down approach Interdisciplinary approach
Look at system from top
Decide inputs/outputs taking into account the supersystem
Decide subsystems
… down to lower levels
Interdisciplinary approach
Analytical approach is inadequate
Capture the interactions between disciplines
Exploit the synergism of these interactions

19. Emphasis in SE More complete definition of needs
Complete definition of needs facilitates verification of system performance
Minimize surprises at later stages
Life cycle engineering approach
Initial approach was Design cycle
Later with Design for Manufacture (DFM) approach Manufacturing cycle also included
Present thinking is to consider three life cycles i.e. Design, Manufacturing and Supportability concurrently
Leading to Concurrent Engineering (CE)

20. Life-cycle engineering approach
Development phase
Utilization phase
Product use Phase out and Disposal
Conceptual & Preliminary Design
Detail Design & Development
Production and/or Construction
NEED
Design
Manufacturing Configuration Design
Manufacturing Operations
Manufacture
Product support and maintenance
Product support configuration design and development
Deployment

21. Product life cycle Identification of need Research Input
Conceptual design
System concept
Preliminary Design
Subsystem design
Detailed Design & Development
Component design
Production/Construction
Development phasing
Utilization & Support
Phase-out and Disposal

22. Systems Engineering process
Basic steps
Define system objectives (user’s needs)
Establish performance requirements (requirements analysis)
Establish functionality (functional analysis)
Evolve design and operation concepts (design synthesis)
Select a baseline (thro’ trade-off studies)
Verify the baseline meets requirements
Iterate the process through lower level trades (decomposition)

23. R V D Requirements analysis Functional analysis INPUT Design Synthesis
System Analysis & Control
OUTPUT
Concept studies
System studies
Prelim. Design
Detailed Design

24. Detailed design & Development System analysis and control
Conceptual design
Preliminary design
Detailed design & Development
Requirement analysis
Functional analysis
Design Synthesis
System analysis and control
Development phasing
System Engineering Management
Development
Production
Deployment
Operation
Support
Training
Verification
Disposal
System Engineering process
Life cycle approach
This interaction shows how to apply SE process to develop systems in life cycle approach

25. Aids to SE Management Development phasing Lifecycle planning Baselines
Functional baseline
Allocated baseline (‘Design to’ specs.)
Product baseline (‘Build to’ specs.)
Drawing inputs from all the life cycle activities for various development phases
Development phasing
Baselines
Lifecycle planning
System Engineering Management
System Engineering process
Integrated approach
Life cycle approach
Integrated team from Systems engineering and discipline specialists

26. SE process overview

27. SE process mapped to Life cycle

28. What we have seen What is a System What is Systems Engineering
Why Systems Engineering is needed?
Life cycle engineering approach leading to Concurrent Engineering
Product cycle & development phasing
Steps in System engineering process

29. I will stop here… We will move forward… Ref: INCOSE SE handbook
DSMC – SE mgmt guide
Systems Engineering & Analysis – Blanchard & Fabrycky

30. Baselines Functional baseline : Allocated baseline :
Top level (system) functions, performance & interfaces.
System level technical description
Allocated baseline :
System requirements flowed down to items below
Item performance specification, interface definitions, process description and drawings
‘Design to’ specifications
Product baseline :
Defining system from top to bottom in terms of physical entities
‘Build to’ specifications

31. System classification
Natural & manmade systems
River system, Bridges
Physical & conceptual systems
Airline system, economic system
Open & closed systems
Chemical equilibrium in closed vessel, business organization
Static & Dynamic systems
Bridge, Aircraft

32. What is a system?
A group of components that work together for a specified purpose e.g. Aircraft
Purpose is achieved by implementing many functions
System is made up of components, attributes and relationships
Components are the operating parts consisting of input, process and output e.g. Wing
Components may be structural, flow or operating
Attributes are the properties that characterize the system e.g. Lift generated
Relationships are links between components and attributes
The purposeful action by system is its function.